WEBVTT 00:00.000 --> 00:01.480 Thank you very much. 00:01.580 --> 00:07.980 22 years is a long time to watch this grow from what it was to what it is. 00:08.120 --> 00:10.160 We used to be able to say what it was. 00:10.160 --> 00:12.240 We don't know how to say what it is. 00:12.880 --> 00:15.940 Because there's so many minor cons going on. 00:15.940 --> 00:18.320 And the industry has exploded. 00:18.740 --> 00:23.420 And as long as we keep selling something that we don't deliver, it's going to just get bigger. 00:23.840 --> 00:29.140 So I think it's important to keep selling security to people who keep needing it. 00:29.760 --> 00:32.500 Kind of like self-help books. 00:32.980 --> 00:35.560 If they worked, there wouldn't be another one. 00:37.660 --> 00:39.860 But that's just an aside. 00:40.480 --> 00:41.760 It's great to be here. 00:41.760 --> 00:54.800 I do want to mention just briefly the last year when I spoke, I addressed a pretty serious issue, which was the traumatic impact of security work and intelligence work on professionals who do it over a long period of time. 00:55.500 --> 00:58.000 And it was the first time I heard people crying at DEF CON. 00:58.000 --> 01:05.740 Because it brought forth what some of you have experienced over many, many years. 01:05.740 --> 01:11.720 And I'm just sharing that to say, if you look at the YouTube video, it's online and a lot of people looked at it. 01:12.000 --> 01:19.520 It's a serious subject that is seldom addressed directly and successfully inside the agencies or often by corporate. 01:20.120 --> 01:24.260 And yet it gets bigger and bigger as the space gets bigger and bigger. 01:24.260 --> 01:30.820 So I invite you, if you have any insight or anything to share with me, to please follow up on that. 01:31.260 --> 01:33.060 It continues to plague people. 01:33.060 --> 01:42.540 I got an e‑mail just last week from a good friend, long‑time friend at NSA, who said they were advised to be sure they watch each other's backs. 01:42.540 --> 01:47.860 That's the kind of advice that's easy to give and impossible to take because it's not very specific. 01:47.860 --> 01:55.760 But the reason he found out was because three people had committed suicide that week and one the week before. 01:56.300 --> 02:04.540 And I did quote a friend, well, a fellow at CIA, who said he bears through his life 23 suicides. 02:04.780 --> 02:11.360 And they were inordinately proud of having the highest rate of suicide, alcoholism, divorce and adultery in the government. 02:11.360 --> 02:14.560 That was the DO, the Director of Operations. 02:15.920 --> 02:18.400 That's the sobering part of the talk. 02:19.300 --> 02:28.580 Keep in mind, it's an uphill climb to get people to look at it, including people who are suffering from it, because there are antidotes. 02:28.580 --> 02:34.180 We all bear scars, but there are ways we can live with them more successfully than some other ways. 02:34.360 --> 02:47.440 So that's what that's about, is looking at all the different things we can do to ameliorate the impact of what it does to us over time to do this work and to engage with people who are on the cutting edge. 02:47.660 --> 02:52.560 But what I want to do today, it's not a very sexy topic, privacy, why it's gone. 02:52.640 --> 02:54.380 Everybody knows it's gone. 02:54.460 --> 02:57.780 And you can do a very short speech on that. 02:58.160 --> 03:11.180 I was in Amsterdam not long ago and I was talking to a friend who works at a pretty high level and asked if we will ever get back any semblance of protection of freedoms from intrusion and privacy. 03:11.180 --> 03:16.080 And she said in a tone I'll never forget, Richard, of course not. 03:16.240 --> 03:16.980 Of course not. 03:16.980 --> 03:34.680 Because the technologies of intrusion and surveillance are so deeply embedded in all of our means of working, living and communicating with one another today, and it is so profitable to have them and so unprofitable to remove them, that we will never get back the freedoms that we thought we had. 03:34.680 --> 03:43.180 She sounded like Michael Corleone in The Godfather when Kay said, Michael, senators don't kill people. 03:43.620 --> 03:48.600 And Corleone said, okay, who is being naive now? 03:49.680 --> 03:52.400 Implying that senators did indeed kill people. 03:52.400 --> 03:58.960 I should ask at this point, because it's something that just happened to me, how many of you know what I mean when I say The Godfather? 03:59.480 --> 04:00.220 How many of you? 04:00.580 --> 04:01.540 Okay. 04:01.540 --> 04:02.160 Good. 04:02.160 --> 04:02.960 Good. 04:03.080 --> 04:07.840 Let me do a test, because if it happens here, then I know I've got to make some changes. 04:07.840 --> 04:15.500 I was doing a talk for a pretty sizable audience, and in Montreal, and I referred to Chinatown. 04:16.100 --> 04:21.440 Jake said, come on, it's Chinatown, Jake, it's Chinatown. 04:22.000 --> 04:24.040 And someone came up and said, nobody knows what you mean. 04:24.040 --> 04:26.440 How many of you have seen the movie Chinatown? 04:27.280 --> 04:28.020 Okay. 04:28.120 --> 04:30.000 That's pretty good. 04:30.000 --> 04:32.560 How many of you have seen the movie The Conversation? 04:34.020 --> 04:34.860 Fewer. 04:34.860 --> 04:35.060 Okay. 04:35.060 --> 04:38.140 I encourage you to see The Conversation and see what it's like. 04:39.440 --> 04:42.560 It's a terrific movie with Gene Hackman about surveillance. 04:42.560 --> 04:48.660 But the point is, I like to be able to refer to popular culture markers and signals that people recognize. 04:48.960 --> 05:00.080 And I learned my lesson when Adam Shostak got up after me, and all he had were slides from Star Wars and Rogue One, and everybody knew exactly what he was talking about whenever he used them. 05:00.420 --> 05:02.260 We'll touch on that a little later. 05:02.820 --> 05:07.760 So everybody knows that privacy in the way I just referred to it is gone, but that's the view on the ground. 05:07.760 --> 05:24.980 And I want to take this up to maybe 30, 40, 50, 60,000 feet to look at what it really means that privacy is gone, because of what it means that our identity has so radically been altered by the digitalization and other factors in the world of the 21st century, 05:24.980 --> 05:27.840 that privacy is literally nonexistent. 05:28.020 --> 05:31.060 It's not whether we can recapture it or have it. 05:31.060 --> 05:44.800 It's that it doesn't exist in the same way that it existed, and I want to talk about why that is with a broad view over what's happened to society, including a look at a few things like words over the last few hundred years. 05:45.420 --> 06:00.640 Privacy is defined as freedom from damaging publicity, public scrutiny, secret surveillance, unauthorized disclosure of one's personal data or information, as by a government corporation or individual, as if ordinary citizens have a right to privacy. 06:00.640 --> 06:04.480 When I read that definition, it's laughable, because all of that is gone. 06:05.260 --> 06:07.020 We do not have that freedom. 06:07.060 --> 06:11.460 We are not free from any of those things, and I don't think we will be. 06:11.480 --> 06:28.160 But what I want to do is try to get us to see that the 20th century framework within which we think about these things and our identity is effectively ending, and it's very important to know who you are so you can determine what you do with effectiveness and some clarity. 06:29.000 --> 06:38.160 When the VGA cable comes, if it ever comes, I'll put a picture up or two, but let me get into the talk. 06:38.480 --> 06:40.560 I'm going to start with a quote from Nietzsche. 06:40.840 --> 06:44.300 You like to do that at DEF CON, because everybody reads Nietzsche, right? 06:45.120 --> 06:48.160 He said, with the unknown, one is confronted with danger. 06:48.160 --> 06:52.120 In other words, somebody says something to you that's totally unknown, it's dangerous. 06:52.120 --> 06:54.320 It causes discomfort and great care. 06:54.320 --> 06:58.440 The first instinct is to abolish the pain of being in those states. 06:58.860 --> 07:00.440 So this is his first principle. 07:00.440 --> 07:02.760 Any explanation is better than none. 07:03.360 --> 07:12.420 And since at bottom, what you really want to do is get rid of the oppressive information or representation, you're not too particular about the means of getting rid of them. 07:12.600 --> 07:27.540 So the first representation, the first idea, the first theory that explains everything, explains the unknown in a familiar way, using the categories of the past, it feels so good that you call it true. 07:27.880 --> 07:29.880 You say we consider that true. 07:30.240 --> 07:34.120 The proof of pleasure is the criterion of truth. 07:34.120 --> 07:36.440 In other words, does it alleviate your cognitive dissonance? 07:36.440 --> 07:38.340 Does it downplay your anxiety? 07:38.340 --> 07:43.300 Does it make you feel better in the face of the fearfulness of the unknown and the new? 07:44.120 --> 07:48.720 And so the fear is the real problem that confronts us. 07:49.440 --> 07:52.900 And therefore we have to abolish that feeling. 07:53.160 --> 08:00.660 And the strange and the new and the hitherto unexperienced must disappear into habitual, comfortable, familiar explanations. 08:01.620 --> 08:16.980 And that's why he says, too, we must tell stories that are untimely, by which he means the consensus reality in which we live at any given moment is our time, but the truths that are coming at us faster and faster of the kind I'm speaking are untimely. 08:16.980 --> 08:22.600 We are speaking to a future state which is already here, but as Gibson said, unevenly distributed. 08:23.560 --> 08:34.240 In other words, truths, the deepest truths you believe about who you are and your identity are illusions that we have comfortably and conveniently forgot were illusions in order to live with them. 08:35.180 --> 08:44.400 And truths held collectively by a group or organization have to be confronted on behalf of a future people that will not hold those truths naively. 08:45.260 --> 08:52.800 So we often embrace truths by which we live because they make us feel better and alleviate cognitive dissonance, but they're not true. 08:53.340 --> 08:54.900 What's true is what's real. 08:54.900 --> 08:55.420 And as Philip K. 08:55.420 --> 08:59.760 Dick said, reality is that which when we refuse to believe in it won't go away. 09:00.520 --> 09:02.480 And here we are living inside of Philip K. 09:02.480 --> 09:02.840 Dick. 09:02.840 --> 09:04.180 How many of you know who Philip K. 09:04.180 --> 09:05.120 Dick is? 09:05.900 --> 09:10.000 Okay, pretty savvy crowd on edge thinkers. 09:10.500 --> 09:20.460 Now, I spoke in Canada about privacy about four years ago and I thought I don't have to ever change the speech I give in Canada because it's the same issues year after year after year. 09:20.620 --> 09:34.520 And I spoke for the ministers of privacy not long ago, tried to give a different slant on it, and one of the ministers of privacy from British Columbia said, that was a very provocative keynote, but let us hope it's not true. 09:34.720 --> 09:50.340 And did not realize she was a proof of concept of that Nietzschean statement I just made, which is, it's provocative, but I don't want it to be true, and therefore, because my job is to be the minister of privacy, I have to treat it as if it is not true, 09:50.340 --> 09:52.920 even though I know it is. 09:55.460 --> 09:56.340 Okay? 09:56.340 --> 09:58.760 Man's plugging stuff in here. 10:00.660 --> 10:05.260 Let me make sure the soft porn is not... 10:14.180 --> 10:15.260 Okay? 10:18.420 --> 10:23.100 So that's going to be my image for the hour, that DEF CON image, I guess. 10:25.120 --> 10:28.140 Somebody is probably doing something to try to get the other image up. 10:29.940 --> 10:30.540 Okay. 10:30.540 --> 10:46.020 So one of the ministers of privacy got up and gave a very, very passionate speech about all the restrictions they have on the government and on society to try to save privacy, and I asked if they really work for the intelligence community, do they really adhere to these things? 10:46.100 --> 10:47.660 And she said, well, in theory. 10:47.900 --> 10:48.760 In theory. 10:49.480 --> 10:54.360 And all you can say is, in theory, theory and practice are the same, but in practice, they're not. 10:55.660 --> 10:56.100 Okay. 10:56.100 --> 10:57.640 So privacy and security. 10:57.640 --> 11:06.720 Matt Blaze once said a long time ago, the weakest link in the security chain is frequently the definition of the problem, and the definition of the problem is often not what we think. 11:06.900 --> 11:21.260 That applies to privacy, too, and we're going to see how, because these are difficult concepts I'm trying to advance, because they, like the Zen Buddha say, enlightenment is a nightmare in daylight, and when you grasp it, suddenly everything else explodes, 11:21.260 --> 11:25.700 and you have nothing but space to create new possibilities if you can stand it. 11:26.220 --> 11:28.700 And that's what we're talking about. 11:28.700 --> 11:37.540 We're living by 20th century concepts, and they don't fit anymore, and therefore we talk about privacy and security, actually. 11:38.040 --> 11:42.720 As if we know the definitions of the problems, but they're not what we think. 11:42.780 --> 11:54.040 A wise person under these conditions steers their course by the torchlight of doubt and chaos, and as Niels Bohr said of quantum physics, anybody who isn't confused doesn't understand what's going on. 11:54.080 --> 11:58.420 I think that's true about privacy and security as well. 11:58.420 --> 12:00.680 Okay, now let me provide some history. 12:01.060 --> 12:07.040 Printing press with movable type was introduced to Europe by Gutenberg in 1439. 12:07.220 --> 12:21.620 It played an unimaginably huge role in the development of the Renaissance, the Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment, and the whole scientific revolution, because now it could share standardized tables and data for the first time in history. 12:21.620 --> 12:27.020 It laid the material basis for our knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses. 12:27.020 --> 12:30.260 You cannot overstate the importance of the printing press. 12:30.260 --> 12:36.400 And it was revolutionary in England when William Caxton brought the printing press there in 1476. 12:37.160 --> 12:41.680 When something changes the world so radically, we exaggerate the impact. 12:41.880 --> 12:47.700 Think of what we said about the Internet when it first came, but in the long term we always underestimate the impact. 12:47.700 --> 12:49.120 Again, think of the Internet. 12:49.280 --> 13:03.680 The printing press, like the Internet, like digital reality, is an engine of revolution that is now a catalyst for revolution in all the other areas as well, bio and nano and space technologies and material science. 13:05.180 --> 13:10.720 And the acceleration of change has made change happen faster and faster. 13:10.720 --> 13:14.100 So we usually respond to this the way Virginia said we do to grief. 13:14.100 --> 13:22.420 First by denying it, then we get angry about it, then we get depressed, then we negotiate with it and finally we accept it. 13:23.220 --> 13:27.460 But remnants of past behaviors... no, you're not getting an image. 13:27.460 --> 13:28.540 Don't worry about it. 13:28.560 --> 13:29.600 Don't worry about it. 13:30.780 --> 13:34.700 It was beautiful and it was very important, but don't worry about it. 13:37.180 --> 13:38.460 I'll look at it. 13:38.460 --> 13:44.180 It's the cover of my... the third volume of my novel, Foam, and it says, Identity is Destiny. 13:44.420 --> 13:46.700 And it shows a man standing before the universe. 13:46.700 --> 13:47.780 It's a gorgeous picture. 13:47.780 --> 13:49.360 It really is a gorgeous picture. 13:49.500 --> 13:56.580 And I mentioned that only because I will be signing a few books that I brought after the talk at 2.30 and 3 .00 in the vendor space. 13:56.860 --> 14:01.780 The other one was going to be just a picture of mind games, because those are the kind of games I'm playing with you. 14:01.780 --> 14:16.860 And I was also going to show you a picture of the UFOs in government book, because I continue to get feedback from numerous sources about the accuracy of our historical analysis of how the government responded to that phenomena over 60 years. 14:16.860 --> 14:19.160 But I won't show you those pictures. 14:19.160 --> 14:21.080 We'll just leave that aside. 14:21.520 --> 14:30.920 The remnants of past behavior persist and how prior technology socialized us and taught us to behave as they framed our lives. 14:31.160 --> 14:32.640 Then they went in the background. 14:32.760 --> 14:33.740 But they're still there. 14:33.740 --> 14:34.560 We just don't see them. 14:34.560 --> 14:37.200 Like the electric grid, you didn't see the lights. 14:37.200 --> 14:39.180 You saw by the lights when you came in here. 14:39.180 --> 14:41.280 You see by virtue of the lights illuminating. 14:41.500 --> 14:44.480 But electric lights like these are only 125 years old. 14:44.480 --> 14:46.080 We're barely up from the swamp. 14:46.080 --> 14:50.680 We're new creatures in the galaxy and so arrogant and proud like a toddler . 14:51.540 --> 14:52.800 But it's new. 14:52.800 --> 14:54.460 But you still don't see the power grid. 14:54.460 --> 14:58.480 You don't plug in all of your equipment and say I'm going on power grid now. 14:59.440 --> 15:01.340 So shh, quiet, I'm on the power grid. 15:01.340 --> 15:02.720 You don't even see the power grid. 15:02.720 --> 15:13.060 But if somebody came back here from the 19th century and looked at the landscape around us, probably the first thing they would notice is all the lines and dynamos that are emblems of the power grid that they never experienced. 15:13.080 --> 15:14.440 And it goes into the background. 15:14.440 --> 15:18.760 The first automobiles had sockets in the dashboard for buggy whips. 15:19.600 --> 15:25.680 Because buggies drawn by horses had sockets in which to put the buggy whips. 15:26.280 --> 15:32.720 Then after a while they stopped making cars with holes for buggy whips. 15:33.480 --> 15:46.540 A friend remembers when, this was some time ago, this historical statement, when they were firing cannons, it was during World War I, that's how far back I go, right ? 15:46.600 --> 15:51.960 And there were people standing there when they fired the cannons with their arms out like this at attention. 15:51.960 --> 15:52.760 He said, what are they doing? 15:52.760 --> 15:54.320 They're holding the horses. 15:54.440 --> 15:58.020 Because the cannons spooked the horses and they have to hold the bridle. 15:58.100 --> 15:59.980 He said, but we don't have any horses anymore. 15:59.980 --> 16:01.280 It's all mechanized. 16:01.540 --> 16:04.480 And there was that dull look of, oh. 16:04.960 --> 16:09.520 So the people holding the horses stayed long after the horses were gone. 16:09.880 --> 16:11.340 That's what we do. 16:11.340 --> 16:18.040 And when Caxton brought the printing press to England, printing revolutionized the world and the social worlds in which people lived. 16:18.040 --> 16:21.180 The religious world, the scientific world, the cultural world, everything. 16:21.660 --> 16:24.820 They had to choose a dialect in which to print. 16:24.820 --> 16:28.080 And that became what we called standard English. 16:28.200 --> 16:43.860 And as standard English permeated a larger and larger group, it permeated what we later called England, which did not exist yet until the social institutions that supported it had been created by the technologies which people no longer saw as causal but were. 16:44.620 --> 16:52.000 So the language printing imposed homogenized the culture over time and political and economic and social consequences followed. 16:52.200 --> 16:53.800 So it changed how we thought. 16:53.800 --> 16:57.800 It changed more fundamentally who we were. 16:58.140 --> 17:07.540 Now, we need the language to use to understand who we have become that we are in the process now of inventing. 17:07.620 --> 17:10.360 You can't think what you can't say. 17:10.940 --> 17:19.200 And the language of the past is inadequate to describe what a human being has become today by virtue of technologies. 17:19.200 --> 17:37.320 I'll give you an example of words that you use all the time that were invented during a very fecund period, a very fertile period, 1918 to 1923 after World War I when the flapper era exploded and the good feeling era followed before the depression. 17:38.160 --> 17:41.840 These are words which did not exist before then. 17:41.840 --> 17:55.500 Cool, extrovert, fascist, mass media, debunk, encode, hyper-modern, multipurpose, power play, teenage, which was invented as a stage of life at the same time. 17:55.560 --> 18:04.300 Post-feminist, biracial, slinky, sadomasochistic, homosexuality, fundamentalism, psyching, devalue. 18:04.880 --> 18:08.060 One of my favorites, I can't imagine a Samuel L. 18:08.060 --> 18:09.040 Jackson movie without it. 18:09.040 --> 18:14.160 The word motherfucker came into play in 1918 for the first time. 18:14.300 --> 18:18.280 One can only imagine the circumstances under which that took place. 18:21.580 --> 18:24.220 French kiss, fuck off. 18:24.820 --> 18:26.220 I'm not telling you to fuck off. 18:26.220 --> 18:27.860 I'm telling you that's a phrase. 18:29.080 --> 18:31.000 Deflationary, merchant bank, arbitrary. 18:31.000 --> 18:32.560 I can go on and on and on. 18:32.560 --> 18:44.840 These did not exist, but now we can say them and think them because the language emerged to describe new social and cultural realities that previously we had no way of identifying. 18:45.580 --> 18:46.640 It's like hacker. 18:46.640 --> 18:49.420 You know what's happened to the word hacker right over time. 18:50.100 --> 18:51.460 It used to mean a hacker. 18:52.100 --> 18:57.100 When I first started speaking at DEF CON, DEF CON 4, it was a convention of hackers. 18:58.180 --> 18:59.580 Now there are some. 18:59.580 --> 19:01.580 We used to play spot the fed here. 19:01.580 --> 19:03.900 Now you're all fed, so we play spot the hacker. 19:04.360 --> 19:09.300 It's a more appropriate game. 19:09.720 --> 19:11.000 What is a hacker today? 19:11.000 --> 19:14.320 You hear black hat hacker, gray hat hacker and white hat hacker. 19:16.080 --> 19:18.340 Black hat hacker is a hacker. 19:19.260 --> 19:24.100 A gray hat hacker is a hacker who put the truth down somewhere but knows where he put it. 19:24.680 --> 19:29.240 A white hat hacker is someone who put the truth down somewhere and forgot where it is. 19:30.140 --> 19:35.400 In other words, I haven't met yet a white hat hacker who is only a white hat hacker. 19:35.400 --> 19:37.620 It's a definition of convenience. 19:38.020 --> 19:44.940 Because in the old days, at any rate, the only way you learned by hacking, the only way you learned to hack was by hacking. 19:45.140 --> 19:51.760 And it was a passionate commitment to doing anything you needed to do to look at things in a new way and learn from them. 19:51.760 --> 19:58.040 We need new language to articulate what we experience and grasp the nature of the context in which we live. 19:58.040 --> 20:04.080 We need new language today to discuss ethics, spirituality and identity and privacy. 20:04.220 --> 20:08.560 The weakest link in discussions of privacy is the definition of privacy. 20:08.560 --> 20:11.340 And the definition of privacy is not what we think. 20:11.340 --> 20:16.660 Let us give true props to what this technology has done. 20:16.660 --> 20:24.580 When we invent a technology like this, computer scientists said, society also invents the kinds of people who will use it. 20:24.580 --> 20:29.380 Older practices, relationships and ways of defining identities fall by the wayside. 20:29.380 --> 20:32.560 New practices, relationships and identities take root. 20:32.560 --> 20:41.260 In case after case, the move to computerize and digitize means preexisting cultural forms have suddenly gone liquid like an ice cube in your hand. 20:41.260 --> 20:45.900 Losing their former shape as they are restructured for computerized expression. 20:45.920 --> 20:54.720 And as these new patterns solidify, both useful artifacts and the texture of human relations that surround them will be much different than what existed previously. 20:54.840 --> 21:03.360 In other words, I'm trying to emphasize how big this really is and yet our minds keep it small in order to let us live in it day by day. 21:03.700 --> 21:07.120 It wasn't long ago that people spoke of going on the Internet. 21:07.500 --> 21:09.680 I mean really not long ago. 21:09.940 --> 21:17.160 But I talk to children today who don't know what it means to go on the Internet because they are always on the Internet. 21:17.740 --> 21:21.580 And I could show you a picture if they could get the technology to work. 21:21.580 --> 21:22.880 It's very complicated. 21:24.020 --> 21:41.520 A recent dinner, I moved to Minneapolis, great city, and my wife and daughter and two grandchildren were sitting and eating and every single person except me who had a digital camera to take the picture was on an iPad or an iPhone in the booth. 21:41.860 --> 21:48.320 And I have to believe some of them were texting each other so that the communication among the family was not totally down. 21:48.320 --> 21:53.760 But from the bleeps and squeaks of the games their kids were playing, I don't think that's what was happening. 21:54.380 --> 21:58.740 So new technology socializes to their context. 21:59.520 --> 22:03.460 Telephone voices sounded weird back when the telephone was invented. 22:03.460 --> 22:05.140 They sounded unnatural. 22:05.460 --> 22:15.060 And yet when the Internet first came forward, somebody at a radio station wanted to interview me about all this and she said, call me, don't send me an email, I want to speak to a real person. 22:15.500 --> 22:18.160 And I had to explain how telephones work. 22:18.300 --> 22:21.740 It was electronic signal, blah, blah, blah, wasn't a real person. 22:22.380 --> 22:27.000 And yet today you get an email or text from a real person, you assume it's real. 22:27.240 --> 22:30.260 Well, and then there's that whole other problem that it often isn't. 22:30.260 --> 22:32.720 But that's a totally different question. 22:33.260 --> 22:33.580 Okay. 22:33.580 --> 22:36.840 So I talked about England briefly in order to introduce that subject. 22:37.000 --> 22:41.180 And when I used the words English and England, I bet you thought we had a common understanding of what we meant. 22:41.180 --> 22:46.900 But in fact, what we mean when we say the name of any nation state is no longer what it used to be. 22:47.520 --> 22:55.000 It isn't the same because the boundaries around nation states have become first semipermeable and porous and then they went down. 22:55.280 --> 23:04.280 In the 90s when I was talking to people in the intelligence community about the impact this had on the work CIA and NSA and others were doing, because they've got to be well ahead of us. 23:04.280 --> 23:11.540 When I talk to people at CIA about scientific biological stuff is keep in mind that anything I tell you was 20 years ago. 23:11.640 --> 23:15.340 And anything anybody knows out there is going to be 20 years ago. 23:15.340 --> 23:20.740 Because we're working a little further ahead than that. 23:21.060 --> 23:27.960 And so how many of you have been to a Shakespeare play in the last year? 23:28.220 --> 23:29.160 Really? 23:29.600 --> 23:31.800 What a group, honest to God. 23:31.800 --> 23:33.400 I mean, it's wonderful. 23:33.400 --> 23:35.580 How many of you have seen a Star Wars movie? 23:36.360 --> 23:38.580 Oh, more than went to a Shakespeare play. 23:38.580 --> 23:39.340 Okay. 23:40.800 --> 23:49.100 When you're going to a Shakespeare play, we think we are understanding Elizabethan English, which is being spoken, unless it's been changed to make it more palatable. 23:49.220 --> 23:55.480 But at least 25% of the words being used mean something different than what you think they mean. 23:55.780 --> 24:01.420 In other words, language is a dynamic process in which meanings are constantly changing, adding, disappearing and morphing. 24:01.660 --> 24:08.900 And it's a matrix, a social cultural matrix that evolves evolutionarily as we do. 24:08.940 --> 24:14.700 And yet we think that what we say and what we see by virtue of what we say is what's real and what's always been. 24:14.700 --> 24:17.160 And I'm trying to make the point that it isn't. 24:17.180 --> 24:19.600 And the word I want to emphasize is individual. 24:20.180 --> 24:28.680 When you hear the word individual, as Shakespeare used it, it meant something, some quality that was unified or indivisible. 24:29.080 --> 24:32.240 Now, we're talking about the late 1500s, early 1600s. 24:32.240 --> 24:35.820 It did not mean an individual person. 24:35.980 --> 24:40.720 When you say I'm an individual, you think of yourself as an individual human being. 24:40.820 --> 24:45.180 That didn't show up for another couple of hundred years. 24:45.800 --> 24:56.640 Until the 17th century, 18th century, the definition of individuality meant, quote, the state or quality of being indivisible and inseparable. 24:56.960 --> 24:59.040 It didn't mean a human being. 24:59.220 --> 25:13.140 In other words, the notion and the appropriation of the notion of what it meant to be a human being, an individual human being, emerged as an emergent property from the cultural and social changes the technologies of the time and especially the printing press, 25:13.140 --> 25:16.460 which I'll get back to, were occasioning. 25:16.520 --> 25:25.060 So the change in the meaning of the word individuality is related to the breakup of the entire medieval social, economic and religious order. 25:25.280 --> 25:32.420 We think that is a historical event, but at the time it was monumental and transformational and so is our own. 25:32.880 --> 25:37.320 But if we look at it in too granular way, we don't see what's happening. 25:37.560 --> 25:45.080 The new use of individual helped define a person's place in a society that was emerging into reality as well. 25:45.080 --> 25:51.020 Because an individual human can live independently of society and make his or her own decisions. 25:51.520 --> 26:09.720 The person has enough knowledge to exist alone without clinging to society and therefore what it meant to be human fundamentally changed from being just part of a whole to having a boundary around you, which defined your identity in the same way that the boundaries around nation states grew during the 17th, 26:09.720 --> 26:20.440 18th and 19th centuries and defined nation states up until Westphalia and the treaty that helped define them in a way that no longer holds. 26:20.440 --> 26:33.460 I got a good example of this when I was speaking for the FBI and I was talking about how places, entities invented for this country or to work in this country and to work abroad used to be distinctive. 26:33.700 --> 26:37.960 But now foreign and domestic no longer have the same meanings. 26:37.960 --> 26:41.620 Any more than natural and artificial have the same meanings. 26:41.620 --> 26:52.480 We've blurred those lines so much and the head of the office, the agent in charge of the Chicago office of the FBI said, bingo, that explains why I'm getting the reactions I am. 26:52.480 --> 26:57.000 What he was talking about was, now the FBI was set up as a police organization in this country. 26:57.000 --> 27:00.980 The CIA was set up to do espionage in every other country. 27:01.220 --> 27:05.260 That's why at that first talk I gave at DEF CON 4 I could say, you want to hack? 27:05.260 --> 27:06.360 Come on in. 27:06.580 --> 27:07.880 Come in under the umbrella. 27:07.880 --> 27:16.480 You get the best tools, the best techniques and the best mentors in the business if you come into the agency and you get a get out of jail free card as well. 27:16.880 --> 27:29.640 Because all of the hacking that you know is just part of the vast subset of hacking that we have developed, as many people now know more than they did in more detail, to hack other countries. 27:29.860 --> 27:36.020 We don't have any friends, someone said, deputy director of SIGINT actually at NSA. 27:36.380 --> 27:38.340 We have only targets. 27:39.080 --> 27:43.440 And he was trying to calm down the guy who said, the English are special friends. 27:43.440 --> 27:44.700 We have a special relationship. 27:44.700 --> 27:46.140 He said, we have no friends. 27:46.280 --> 27:47.700 We have only targets. 27:47.700 --> 27:49.040 And it's everybody else. 27:49.260 --> 27:51.860 So CIA was set up to be that way in 1947. 27:51.980 --> 27:56.720 It's what our security world, our national security state has developed as a necessity. 27:56.920 --> 27:59.800 I'm not criticizing that, I'm just saying it's what's so. 27:59.800 --> 28:04.920 So the FBI was supposed to be here and the CIA was supposed to be there, but here and there no longer mean the same thing. 28:04.920 --> 28:07.840 So the FBI works all over the world now. 28:07.840 --> 28:15.900 And CIA is, of course, operating overtly now as, for example, with the New York Police Department by design. 28:15.900 --> 28:21.660 Statements are by design to make a point, but the CIA is all over the place inside as well. 28:21.740 --> 28:30.920 Because the boundaries are down and the nature of the information state that we inhabit means you have to go where the information goes and see where it comes from. 28:31.020 --> 28:33.180 And nation state boundaries don't matter anymore. 28:33.180 --> 28:42.940 What the FBI man was saying is that the real sources of power and influence on us, on our lives, that which directs our behavior are transnational. 28:42.960 --> 28:49.340 They are sometimes entities that, again, have no names, that don't have names, but they're not just nation states. 28:49.340 --> 28:57.060 So we kind of coexist like a parallax view between seeing nation state as operative and knowing that the real source of our behavior is something else. 28:57.060 --> 29:00.060 How much business does Microsoft or Apple do somewhere else? 29:00.060 --> 29:01.360 Much more than 50%. 29:01.360 --> 29:03.200 We think they're American companies. 29:03.200 --> 29:03.840 They're not. 29:03.840 --> 29:04.860 They're companies. 29:05.200 --> 29:13.520 And they have their own independence and their own operations and their influence and power on us supersedes that which we think is patriotic. 29:13.520 --> 29:15.900 And that's what the FBI special agent was trying to say. 29:15.900 --> 29:23.280 I used to be able to invite people to cooperate with the FBI and they always did out of patriotic motivation, he said. 29:23.280 --> 29:28.460 But now more and more I'll get the answer, I'd like to help you, but. 29:28.680 --> 29:50.860 And that but is the instantiation of they know that the true source of their power is not the country in the same way that it was, which is why the political rhetoric we're hearing today, which is so 20th century or before, the political rhetoric is a 20th century framework that's not describing any of the realities that are impacting people's lives. 29:50.860 --> 29:59.940 And that's why the solutions defined in 20th century terms can't work in the 21st century because we're a totally different kind of economy and society. 30:00.100 --> 30:02.980 Well, why am I bothering going into all this? 30:02.980 --> 30:10.340 Well, because privacy, as we have used the word, has meaning only for an individual. 30:10.360 --> 30:12.960 Which was an emergent property, I say. 30:13.100 --> 30:14.880 Only for an individual. 30:14.960 --> 30:18.220 Privacy is something that an individual has. 30:18.580 --> 30:22.720 And this meaning of individual no longer applies to humans today. 30:22.720 --> 30:24.520 Not in the same way. 30:24.900 --> 30:26.160 Not really. 30:26.220 --> 30:32.460 We always knew we were cells in a body, but we used to emphasize the fact that we were cells, individuals. 30:32.840 --> 30:35.960 Now we have to see bodiness. 30:36.200 --> 30:44.700 And when digitalization took over, people experienced themselves more powerfully as nodes in a network, and it restructured how we had to work in teams. 30:44.700 --> 30:53.220 You never heard of work teams or, in the same way, you never heard of teachers having to teach people how to work in teams. 30:53.320 --> 30:58.340 In my day, when we tried to work cooperatively, I was usually nailed for cheating. 30:58.380 --> 31:00.920 Because that's what we called it then. 31:01.280 --> 31:03.580 You were told to do your work alone. 31:03.780 --> 31:04.440 Individually. 31:04.440 --> 31:06.600 Don't look at anybody else's work. 31:06.600 --> 31:10.740 That's been totally transformed by the technology of learning and action. 31:11.260 --> 31:14.840 So what does privacy mean in this new world? 31:14.840 --> 31:16.340 And what is contingent on it? 31:16.340 --> 31:17.620 And why does it matter? 31:18.080 --> 31:25.520 Well, Andrew Grove, one of the founders of Intel, said privacy is the big problem of the electronic age. 31:25.680 --> 31:29.520 At the heart of the Internet culture is a force that wants to find out everything about you. 31:29.560 --> 31:34.680 And once it has found out everything about you and 200 million others, that's a pretty valuable asset. 31:34.680 --> 31:36.240 So people will be tempted. 31:36.240 --> 31:37.180 Isn't that naive? 31:37.180 --> 31:38.000 They'll be tempted. 31:38.000 --> 31:39.480 Today they do it all the time. 31:39.480 --> 31:57.380 To trade and do commerce with the asset, which is the information about you, that you have freely given them on Facebook, et cetera, all unknowingly given them the commodity that is yourself in terms of the data that you provide simply by existing in that online world. 31:57.760 --> 32:03.760 That wasn't the information that people were thinking of, he said, when they called this the information age. 32:04.060 --> 32:07.080 Commentators said we think of privacy as tremendously valuable. 32:07.080 --> 32:08.780 We call it a human right. 32:08.780 --> 32:13.380 But we live in the Facebook age and the only thing more cherished than privacy is publicity. 32:14.160 --> 32:22.060 We share personal data in flagrant ways, but believe we have a right to privacy when we choose to keep things private, which we cannot do anymore. 32:22.800 --> 32:24.740 So privacy is a human right. 32:25.300 --> 32:29.960 Well, privacy became real around the same time that rights became real. 32:29.960 --> 32:34.680 You know the people before this transformation of society, you lived in one room. 32:34.680 --> 32:37.040 I mean, you didn't say I'm going upstairs to have sex now. 32:37.040 --> 32:39.260 Everything took place, the animals lived with you. 32:39.260 --> 32:41.620 Look at the castle keep in the winter. 32:41.620 --> 32:43.080 Everybody lived in one place. 32:43.080 --> 32:52.380 The idea of we entitled Americans saying I want a room of my own, every child gets a room of their own, it was literally unthinkable. 32:52.400 --> 32:54.200 Because nobody did that. 32:54.640 --> 32:57.940 Well, privacy emerged at the same time that rights emerged. 32:57.940 --> 33:13.240 In other words, they became cognitive artifacts, what I call the structures we have internally that we believe in as if they are real, but which have emerged as a response to the changes in society and above all the information flow which defines and limits them. 33:13.660 --> 33:24.100 So rights, we say rights came from the Magna Carta, but until they were conceived as we do recently, we didn't see the Magna Carta that way at all. 33:24.100 --> 33:28.960 The people doing the Magna Carta did not see it as an instantiation of rights. 33:29.080 --> 33:40.780 Intellectual property and intellectual property rights only became possible after the printing press externalized the products of our thinking as if they were artifacts with boundaries around them. 33:40.780 --> 33:50.600 And boundaries, as I keep saying, determine identity, and boundaries are on everything from individuals to nation states, and I suggest planetary culture are going down. 33:50.600 --> 33:52.760 Everybody knows we're not alone in the universe. 33:53.060 --> 33:55.380 But we don't know that we know it. 33:55.380 --> 34:04.880 Because the authoritative voice continues to refuse to validate the observations of thousands of people that suggests something else is going on. 34:04.880 --> 34:06.300 But that's a whole other talk. 34:07.320 --> 34:09.940 The fact is we are not alone in the universe. 34:09.960 --> 34:21.580 We are part of a sentient web of intelligence that spans galaxies, and we have been thinking we're the apple of God's eye and the product of a special intelligence that only wanted us on this earth to evolve the way we did. 34:22.140 --> 34:23.400 So vain. 34:23.400 --> 34:26.220 As the president would say, sad. 34:26.260 --> 34:27.620 Sad. 34:28.700 --> 34:30.840 Doesn't speak in paragraphs. 34:31.000 --> 34:33.040 Gets his point across though. 34:34.600 --> 34:38.340 Paragraphs are going the way of cursive writing, honestly. 34:39.340 --> 34:49.140 Richard Stallman, who many of you know, a great GNU guru, defending open source software, said there's no intrinsic right to intellectual property. 34:49.260 --> 34:54.140 The idea of copyright did not exist before when authors copied everything from one another. 34:54.800 --> 34:55.760 And you know that. 34:55.760 --> 35:00.460 If you look at manuscripts made in monasteries, you see people wrote in the margins all the time, copied each other. 35:00.520 --> 35:02.520 There was no thought I'm stealing. 35:03.000 --> 35:06.560 And I tried to get some professors I once consulted with to understand this. 35:06.560 --> 35:26.000 They were very upset about plagiarism, which their students were doing, but in a cut and paste world where pieces of information came and went without identity, without source, without retribution or attribution, plagiarism was ceasing to mean what it did when things were defined in a textual environment. 35:26.840 --> 35:30.520 Substitute privacy for Stallman's statement, copyright. 35:30.520 --> 35:32.700 There's no intrinsic right to privacy. 35:32.820 --> 35:40.080 Because the forces that made it viable, social, economic, religious, legal forces have been transformed and are blurring and disappearing. 35:40.580 --> 35:42.660 And so printing changed everything. 35:42.980 --> 35:44.320 That's my point. 35:44.320 --> 35:45.800 And so has the Internet. 35:45.840 --> 35:49.860 And so are the other domains of advancement to which I can only allude, like bio. 35:50.540 --> 35:56.620 The revolution in information and communication is the axis around which our 21st century world turns right now. 35:57.320 --> 36:03.800 Privacy is honored in lip service, but not in the marketplace where it is violated or taken away every single day. 36:04.300 --> 36:07.260 It's not honored in intelligence operations, certainly. 36:07.260 --> 36:09.320 We all know that. 36:09.500 --> 36:11.040 It can't be. 36:11.320 --> 36:12.620 It can't be. 36:13.880 --> 36:17.380 And it's not honored in how computers and softwares are built. 36:17.920 --> 36:21.460 A rock star once said, if voting were important, they wouldn't let us do it. 36:21.860 --> 36:26.180 Well, if privacy was important, it would be honored, in fact. 36:26.180 --> 36:27.480 And it isn't. 36:28.020 --> 36:33.340 I mean, you have to take a good look sometimes, look at the vendor space sometimes, a thing like Black Hat. 36:33.400 --> 36:45.400 A friend of mine who's been in the business a long time looked out and he said, every single one of these people is selling something they cannot deliver, because they guarantee they are going to ensure safety and security for the enterprise, and they cannot do that. 36:46.380 --> 36:47.960 But that's an aside. 36:52.450 --> 36:55.130 Someone said, well, I said that. 36:55.350 --> 36:57.830 Other things are much more important than privacy. 36:57.930 --> 37:00.570 Power is more important and money is more important. 37:00.950 --> 37:06.710 The Onion once ran an article saying, customers are our second most important factor. 37:08.070 --> 37:12.190 Of course, everybody says customers are the most important, but they mean after money. 37:12.570 --> 37:13.490 After money. 37:13.530 --> 37:15.370 The Internet of Things, you know what it's like. 37:15.370 --> 37:18.530 We've got a village dedicated to hacking all the aspects of it here. 37:18.530 --> 37:20.010 It ignores privacy. 37:20.050 --> 37:22.030 A software company is doing a rush to market. 37:22.030 --> 37:27.010 I remember Bill Gates saying years ago, show me something I can fix, I'll spend a million dollars to do it. 37:27.010 --> 37:30.190 Show me something that makes me two days late to market, forget it. 37:31.050 --> 37:34.230 Time to get to market when there's more. 37:34.230 --> 37:46.590 Privacy advocates, and they're all over here, well-meaning, righteous, and sincere, are fighting a rear-guard reaction, action with reality itself. 37:46.590 --> 37:50.110 And reality always wins. 37:50.350 --> 38:06.510 So children today are growing up without an expectation of privacy, and without an understanding of what we mean by privacy, because their social world has taught them a different way of being, which is, it's all out there. 38:06.510 --> 38:10.390 Sure, you can have great movies about living off the grid, but try it. 38:11.510 --> 38:15.270 You wind up looking like the Unabomber, right? 38:15.270 --> 38:21.810 And even he had to use a bus to get his bombs to San Francisco so he could trust others to mail them. 38:22.250 --> 38:26.370 You can't really live off the grid unless you're living with wolves in a cave. 38:27.250 --> 38:36.390 I said in a forecast of security issues I was asked to identify years ago, 20 years ago, that the only way to protect data is not to collect it in the first place. 38:37.150 --> 38:38.330 That was true. 38:38.430 --> 38:40.690 It's still true, and it's totally ignored. 38:40.950 --> 38:51.990 We give it away, or we allow it to be taken, as if it is of no account, because we cannot see or feel the ends to which data analytics put our little biographical bits, every daily choice that we make. 38:51.990 --> 38:58.190 And everyone who can collects data, and everyone who knows how to do it, parses it together, not data but information. 38:58.310 --> 39:02.950 Information, remember Claude Shannon said, is the difference that makes a difference . 39:03.110 --> 39:05.330 Well, this information makes a huge difference. 39:05.330 --> 39:14.410 Not the noise, but the data that creates information, the signal, and it gives those who know how to extract it from the data leverage, power and money. 39:15.730 --> 39:24.430 The bits of data that make up us, our gestalt, our identity, they now are combined at that level of abstraction in different ways. 39:25.030 --> 39:30.870 And they see something different when they look at us than we see ourselves. 39:31.230 --> 39:44.090 The point of this talk, if you want to take away, is that the level of abstraction at which you can view either an entity, an organization, or a human being, determines what you believe is real. 39:44.090 --> 39:51.790 And people who do data analytics are looking at a level of abstraction which is so very real, as we all know. 39:51.790 --> 39:58.690 But we act as if we are still the 20th century selves that emerged when we were children or growing up. 39:58.870 --> 40:03.590 And we haven't really grasped that we are known better than we know ourselves. 40:04.230 --> 40:08.190 It's like the Zen statements about the illusion of the self. 40:08.230 --> 40:10.150 Well, we believe in ourselves. 40:10.150 --> 40:12.830 We believe ourselves are ourselves. 40:12.830 --> 40:14.390 And I'm trying to make the point. 40:14.550 --> 40:15.490 It's very hard to get. 40:15.490 --> 40:32.610 This is why it's a nightmare in daylight if you really grasp it, that the fundamental assumptions we make about damn near everything are no longer workable in the frame we have unknowingly created by participating, as all of us have in this room, in this new technological society. 40:32.730 --> 40:35.710 We are not the same people we once were. 40:36.130 --> 40:41.070 And so defining who we are and our prerogatives and needs has to be done in light of who we have become. 40:41.070 --> 40:44.730 We're talking about identity in Blade Runner. 40:44.730 --> 40:46.130 I was looking at the photographs. 40:46.130 --> 40:47.570 I know you know that movie. 40:47.570 --> 40:49.370 And he said, memories. 40:49.370 --> 40:50.650 You're talking about memories. 40:50.650 --> 40:52.950 Well, now we know we can create memories in different ways. 40:52.950 --> 41:11.430 And when I talk on biohacking, one of the things I looked at, which my friend at CIA helped me understand, was that we really are working seriously on implanting memories, implanting memories of someone else's experience, not just using techniques to face memory the way we have in the past, 41:11.430 --> 41:12.690 which is what media does. 41:12.690 --> 41:14.310 Media creates memory. 41:14.770 --> 41:17.230 And then we share a memory as if it's real. 41:17.230 --> 41:20.830 And if it comforts us, we become a voting block. 41:21.050 --> 41:21.690 All right? 41:22.410 --> 41:29.850 So Walter Ong looked at all this some time ago, looking at orality and literacy and the technologizing of the word. 41:29.850 --> 41:43.020 And he said, the shift from morality to literacy and onto electronic processing engages social, economic, political, religious, and other structures and creates an entire difference in mentality, in who we think we are, he said, in who we experience ourselves to be. 41:43.060 --> 41:45.760 Writing restructured consciousness, you see. 41:45.760 --> 41:48.900 Writing transformed human consciousness. 41:48.960 --> 41:54.600 Oral cultures contained human beings who were not the same humans who began to write. 41:54.600 --> 41:56.380 And the printing press did it again. 41:56.380 --> 42:01.440 And engaging as we do immersively in the digital world is doing it one more time. 42:01.440 --> 42:06.720 Our consciousness is literally being restructured in a different way. 42:07.480 --> 42:13.100 So all the arguments against computerization were the same ones they used against the printing press and writing. 42:13.100 --> 42:15.660 Plato said the same things when the oral culture was ending. 42:15.660 --> 42:17.200 It's going to destroy humanity. 42:17.200 --> 42:19.580 No, it's going to transform humanity. 42:19.620 --> 42:24.440 And the humanity you thought you were a part of is no longer going to exist. 42:24.640 --> 42:29.220 Kids today are criticized because they can't multiply in their heads or write cursive. 42:29.220 --> 42:32.020 They use Google instead of remembering things. 42:32.380 --> 42:35.280 But they don't know any loss from their experience. 42:35.280 --> 42:36.880 They experience no loss. 42:36.880 --> 42:41.420 Why should I write cursive when I can tap with my thumb or make black letters? 42:42.340 --> 42:43.620 Why should I multiply? 42:43.620 --> 42:46.880 All I have to do is enter the data and it multiplies it for me. 42:46.920 --> 42:50.140 Why should I remember something which is so ready at hand? 42:50.380 --> 42:57.500 Why should I ask somebody how to get to grandma's house when all I have to do is point to the clock, watch, where are we? 42:59.500 --> 43:00.220 Wrap it up. 43:00.220 --> 43:02.160 You told me you were going to tell me when I had ten minutes. 43:04.580 --> 43:06.880 You should have put it in my presentation. 43:06.880 --> 43:08.360 I would have seen it on the screen. 43:12.000 --> 43:13.940 Well, sorry. 43:14.920 --> 43:16.380 He's telling me to stop. 43:17.120 --> 43:20.080 I hate to stop because I love to talk. 43:20.480 --> 43:29.080 But I'm just going to quote a couple of people and then I'm going to wrap it up. 43:29.460 --> 43:35.340 This is an old quote, but it still tells you how they were thinking at MIT some years ago. 43:35.640 --> 43:40.420 When we do the kind of data analysis I was talking about, we get a God's eye view of human behavior. 43:40.700 --> 43:42.140 We can tell how they're going to vote. 43:42.140 --> 43:44.840 We can tell when they're getting sick. 43:44.840 --> 43:53.560 We've turned society into a laboratory where behavior can be effectively followed, but also we're affecting and changing behavior and you think you have privacy. 43:53.560 --> 44:07.760 We're getting genetic sniffers that when you walk through the space you inhabit, someone will be able to pick up your DNA from the shed skin cells that you are effusing into the air and they will be able to do a DNA analysis as we increase our ability to do that quickly and cheaply. 44:08.200 --> 44:10.120 There is no place to hide. 44:10.860 --> 44:16.000 So the good news that someone wanted is that it's real. 44:16.000 --> 44:22.140 And we can always deal with what's real, but we have to grasp who we really are in terms of what I've been describing. 44:22.220 --> 44:26.660 The world cannot be talked about as if it's a 20th century world. 44:26.660 --> 44:31.620 Not politics, not ethics, not religions, not anything. 44:31.960 --> 44:43.440 And the good news is we can become conscious of this, as we have in the past, and then make reasonable, powerful decisions about who we are in light of it and rethink what it means to be ethical. 44:44.100 --> 44:46.180 Rethink what it means to be human. 44:46.480 --> 44:53.020 Because humans have always had a different definition of self-understanding in different cultures and it's no different now. 44:53.020 --> 44:57.780 It's just a different kind of challenge because it continues to change so radically and so rapidly. 44:58.040 --> 45:08.940 So those who want to be in the cutting edge will at least know how to surf the waves of information that restore sanity and wholeness and health to the being who is doing this. 45:08.940 --> 45:13.800 And that, here more than anywhere else that I go, is you men and women. 45:13.800 --> 45:15.480 Thank you for your attention.