WEBVTT 00:00.480 --> 00:01.960 There we go. 00:01.960 --> 00:04.800 Welcome to Understanding Space Through a Cybersecurity Lens. 00:04.800 --> 00:06.020 I'm Jerry Sellers. 00:06.160 --> 00:07.800 And a little bit about me. 00:07.800 --> 00:11.080 So I did 20 years in the Air Force, mainly space stuff. 00:11.080 --> 00:14.060 I worked space shuttle mission control back in the day. 00:14.060 --> 00:21.340 I worked about 14 different shuttle flights, including on console for the Challenger accident and then worked return to flight after that. 00:21.340 --> 00:27.360 So if you saw the movie Apollo 13, anybody, I actually worked for Gene Kranz back in the day. 00:28.300 --> 00:31.420 Then a bunch of other stuff in the Air Force, all space related. 00:31.460 --> 00:33.920 I retired from the Air Force in 2004. 00:34.100 --> 00:44.180 And then our small company, TSDI, we do training and workforce development and system engineering consulting kind of all over the industry. 00:44.180 --> 00:51.580 So I'm also adjunct at Stevens Institute of Technology and at Georgetown, do some graduate courses with them. 00:51.700 --> 00:57.500 And I'm an Agile guy, so I teach Agile around the industry a bit too. 00:57.520 --> 00:59.940 I'm here today with two other folks helping me out. 00:59.940 --> 01:01.440 So I'll turn first over to Terri. 01:01.440 --> 01:04.180 Terri, if you want to say a few words about yourself. 01:04.720 --> 01:05.660 Hi there. 01:05.660 --> 01:15.360 I am Terri Johnson and I'm the chair of the Computer Networking and Cyber Department at Pikes Peak Community College, located here in Colorado Springs. 01:15.360 --> 01:34.060 I started in IT over 20 years ago, really specializing in computer networking and then securing those computer networks, starting out with Deloitte and Anderson, two of the big five or whatever they're called now, tax and audit firms. 01:34.060 --> 01:46.840 And then I realized that I really have this love for education and have served on as both faculty and staff in K-12 and higher ed. 01:47.820 --> 01:51.800 Like when I have free time, I really like to spend it on beaches. 01:53.300 --> 02:00.560 So you're... and I'm coming to you from Colorado and actually all of us are in Colorado, so she's at a virtual beach back there. 02:00.660 --> 02:03.700 And then helped today too by Jason. 02:03.700 --> 02:06.320 Jason, say a quick word about yourself. 02:11.640 --> 02:14.820 Yes, I am a high school student. 02:14.840 --> 02:19.740 I'm interested in computer science and cybersecurity. 02:20.200 --> 02:29.840 I am on the robotics team and I participate in a number of local coding competitions and I'm just going to be helping out here. 02:30.900 --> 02:37.920 So he's getting a little experience rubbing shoulders virtually with the folks in the cyber community. 02:37.920 --> 02:40.200 So this is good practice for him today. 02:40.200 --> 02:44.940 So our company is TSTI, so we do training consulting around the industry. 02:44.940 --> 02:48.620 We like to say we have a front row seat to the industry. 02:48.620 --> 02:54.440 We get to see what kind of challenges everybody has at NASA, ESA, DOD, industry. 02:54.520 --> 03:02.200 We work on a lot of... support a lot of textbook development work and we... our company does on-site training back when you can do that. 03:02.220 --> 03:06.080 We've kind of pivoted 100% virtual training since COVID. 03:06.140 --> 03:12.480 We also do coaching and integrated programs and then we do other consulting, especially in model-based system engineering. 03:12.480 --> 03:15.380 It's a very growing area for us. 03:16.140 --> 03:20.180 So I saw one question in there in the chat about reasonable rockets. 03:20.180 --> 03:21.120 Let's hold that question. 03:21.120 --> 03:24.660 That's a good one to bring up when we get to the break. 03:24.660 --> 03:29.480 So if you've got specific questions about the material, I'll probably handle that right then. 03:29.480 --> 03:34.480 If it's a good question, but I think we might deserve a deeper answer, I might wait until the break. 03:34.480 --> 03:37.700 So if you're okay with that, that's how we'll proceed. 03:38.120 --> 03:41.900 So here's our overview of what we're going to try to do this afternoon. 03:42.260 --> 03:43.560 I'm going to start with big picture. 03:43.560 --> 03:46.260 We want to know the context for space. 03:46.260 --> 03:53.220 And that context is also the context in which cybersecurity has to occur with respect to space. 03:53.220 --> 04:03.240 So we'll tackle that and we'll look at this thing we call a space mission architecture and how all the puzzle pieces that have to go together to make a space mission be successful. 04:03.240 --> 04:05.340 We'll then look at various opportunities. 04:05.340 --> 04:11.880 So opportunities for people to do necessarily possibly the various things. 04:11.920 --> 04:16.340 And with respect to that, we'll look at orbital mechanics and mission operations. 04:16.340 --> 04:20.600 We'll focus on those two, if you will, threat surfaces. 04:20.640 --> 04:26.460 And then we'll look at specific threats having to do with natural environment in space and the man-made environment. 04:26.460 --> 04:30.540 And we're going to see the natural environment is pretty darn nasty. 04:31.240 --> 04:36.760 So it's hard enough to work in space, let alone just throw humans on there to try and do bad things. 04:36.800 --> 04:40.240 But we'll try to understand both of those potential threat areas. 04:40.240 --> 04:43.080 And then we'll end up this afternoon looking at vulnerabilities. 04:43.080 --> 04:46.780 And we'll look at two key vulnerabilities, one being RF links. 04:46.780 --> 04:52.400 So the RF systems, radio frequency systems shown there in cartoon as uplinks, downlinks. 04:52.400 --> 04:56.660 These are the pipes that carry the data that we use in missions. 04:56.660 --> 05:01.800 And then we'll talk a bit about the space data architectures that we use in ground and onboard systems. 05:02.020 --> 05:03.740 So here's our objective. 05:03.740 --> 05:04.320 Oh, sorry. 05:04.320 --> 05:07.040 First of all, this course is based around this textbook. 05:07.040 --> 05:09.400 So there's a textbook called Understanding Space. 05:09.560 --> 05:11.780 And it's available through that website. 05:12.120 --> 05:15.480 This is part of the Space Technology Series. 05:16.280 --> 05:21.880 I think there's roughly up to 30 books now in that series that tackle all kinds of different space subjects. 05:21.880 --> 05:27.040 So if you're interested in pretty much anything to do in space, there's a textbook probably for it. 05:27.040 --> 05:28.540 But this is the introductory book. 05:28.540 --> 05:32.060 And a lot of the material here, the images came out of that book. 05:32.060 --> 05:35.380 So if you're interested in that, you can try to get a copy of that. 05:35.780 --> 05:38.040 So here's our objectives for the afternoon. 05:38.340 --> 05:40.980 We're going to start by trying to build some core space knowledge. 05:40.980 --> 05:52.660 So we're basically launching you on a trajectory here, where we're going to start by, you know, laying the foundation and launch pad with our core space knowledge, what is the space mission architecture, and that kind of thing. 05:52.660 --> 06:03.460 And then we'll look at how we build upon that to understand the basic capabilities and trade-offs and limitations as they apply specifically to the cybersecurity domain. 06:03.600 --> 06:17.520 We're going to focus on orbital mechanics and the opportunities or lack thereof that that creates for getting access to space systems, and then look at the operational architectures as well and see how that can constrain access. 06:17.720 --> 06:33.540 As I said, we'll focus on the natural and human-made threats that can be out there, especially the natural ones, and what kind of vulnerabilities that comes out from there, as we look at things like radio frequency links and the data architecture. 06:35.160 --> 06:37.340 So somebody's asked for the recording. 06:37.340 --> 06:39.520 I think we'll be posting that recording. 06:39.520 --> 06:42.640 I just sent the morning recording off to the organizers. 06:42.640 --> 06:44.560 So they're going to put that on Discord somewhere. 06:44.560 --> 06:46.140 I don't know where they put that. 06:46.320 --> 06:50.160 But if you... did I put my email? 06:52.180 --> 06:53.760 Yeah, no, I didn't. 06:53.800 --> 06:55.800 Yeah, I put my email address. 06:55.800 --> 07:02.520 So if anything comes up in this course or afterwards, please feel free to reach out to me. 07:02.520 --> 07:05.860 If you can't find the recording or whatever, I can get it for you. 07:05.860 --> 07:09.460 So please feel free to track us down if you need to. 07:10.420 --> 07:12.820 So here's our agenda. 07:12.820 --> 07:15.780 We're in afternoon session, day one over there on the left. 07:15.780 --> 07:17.140 So we're just getting started. 07:17.160 --> 07:20.280 And you see the course is broken into kind of half-hour segments. 07:20.280 --> 07:24.180 So we'll tackle a subject for about a half an hour. 07:24.180 --> 07:29.380 And then I've got some poll questions that I'll ask you, just kind of see if you've been paying attention. 07:29.380 --> 07:33.660 And it also gives us a chance to discuss some of the topics a little deeper. 07:34.240 --> 07:36.500 We'll have time for a little stretch break in there. 07:36.500 --> 07:47.360 And also we can tackle any sort of other questions that you might come up with that are a little off-topic, but I wanted to build in some time to talk about those somewhat off-topic questions. 07:47.360 --> 07:52.300 We have some great questions this morning about slingshot trajectories and other stuff. 07:52.300 --> 07:55.800 So again, kind of any questions, spare game out here. 07:55.800 --> 07:57.840 So feel free to come up with stuff. 07:57.980 --> 08:00.820 We've got time built in to do that. 08:00.820 --> 08:07.800 So we'll hit each section roughly by a half hour, take a poll, have a short break, and then we'll get right back at it. 08:08.140 --> 08:17.080 And then you want to save up some energy for the very end, because then we're going to have a little cybersecurity challenge for all of you. 08:17.420 --> 08:25.100 So I'm going to present you with a scenario and you're going to have to think through what you do to respond to that potential cybersecurity scenario. 08:25.100 --> 08:26.840 So get ready for that. 08:26.840 --> 08:29.060 That's coming here at the end of the afternoon. 08:29.060 --> 08:32.820 So it should be pretty action-packed, hopefully a fun afternoon for you. 08:33.240 --> 08:35.100 So let's start with the contents. 08:35.100 --> 08:36.380 So I'm a big picture guy. 08:36.380 --> 08:44.720 I like to think about, okay, what, you know, how does this, let me show you the, you know, I can't put together the pieces of the puzzle until you show me the picture on the front of the box. 08:44.720 --> 08:45.000 Okay. 08:45.000 --> 08:48.480 So this is the picture on the front of the box of what the puzzle is going to look like. 08:48.500 --> 08:51.960 And that puzzle has these various key pieces that we want to look at. 08:51.960 --> 09:04.440 We call that, we put that whole puzzle together, we call it the space mission architecture, which includes orbits and trajectories, spacecraft, vehicles, operations, and at the core there, we have the mission itself. 09:04.940 --> 09:07.720 So we want to know how all those pieces go together. 09:07.720 --> 09:09.600 That's what we're going to start by tackling. 09:09.900 --> 09:16.940 And to do that, we want to first understand, well, why, because we're going to look at the mission, why do we go to space at all? 09:16.940 --> 09:24.900 You know, what are the reasons that we would even bother spending all this money, time, effort, risking people's lives to go to space? 09:24.940 --> 09:27.180 And space, it turns out, is a pretty big industry. 09:27.180 --> 09:33.580 I think as of last year, the latest numbers I saw, space is a $420 billion industry. 09:33.580 --> 09:38.560 I mean, it rivals the airline industry in terms of size. 09:38.560 --> 09:40.300 So it's a pretty big industry . 09:40.420 --> 09:43.100 So where's all this money coming from? 09:43.100 --> 09:45.300 Why are people even making money in space? 09:45.300 --> 09:47.920 Why do we go to the time and trouble to go to space? 09:47.980 --> 09:55.860 So we list here what we call space impurities, the unique aspects about space that make us want to go there. 09:55.860 --> 10:03.820 And so we have global perspective, clear view of the heavens, free fall environment, resources, and the final frontier. 10:03.920 --> 10:12.260 So those, those reasons, those five reasons we might go to space, which do you think is the single most important? 10:12.260 --> 10:19.220 The reason that we most often go to space, and the reason most people make money in space? 10:19.220 --> 10:22.720 Who wants to guess which of those five are the most important? 10:25.200 --> 10:28.560 But you just put it in the chat, or you can shout out. 10:30.120 --> 10:34.560 I'd say the global perspective, you can see the whole world. 10:35.000 --> 10:35.800 Absolutely. 10:36.640 --> 10:38.200 Yeah, you nailed it. 10:38.780 --> 10:39.920 So I live in Colorado. 10:39.940 --> 10:43.640 So I like to tell people, the reason we go to space is to get high. 10:44.840 --> 10:48.800 That's the main reason we go to space, because it's higher. 10:48.800 --> 10:52.440 By being higher, we can see more stuff, right? 10:52.440 --> 10:56.380 The more I can see, the better I can understand what's going on. 10:56.840 --> 11:01.160 If we could simply build a tall tower and look down, we'd probably prefer to do that. 11:01.160 --> 11:03.360 But we can't build a tower quite that tall. 11:03.360 --> 11:07.460 Although I have some colleagues trying to build a space elevator, but that's another discussion. 11:07.700 --> 11:12.580 But, but by being, being high, we can see more, right? 11:12.580 --> 11:16.200 And the more I can see, the more I can understand what's going on. 11:16.200 --> 11:24.440 It turns out back in the, back in the 50s, in 1957, when the Russians launched Sputnik, they actually did us a favor. 11:24.760 --> 11:34.120 They, they, they established the precedent, international law, that you can overfly any country from space. 11:34.120 --> 11:40.880 Now, you can't overfly any country in the air, you can't just get an airplane and go fly over Canada, they wouldn't like that. 11:40.880 --> 11:44.220 But you can overfly Canada from space. 11:44.640 --> 11:47.780 There, that's international law, that's an okay thing to do. 11:47.860 --> 11:56.320 So that, that established space is sort of open sky in terms of the ability to go over and overfly anything that's out there. 11:56.360 --> 11:57.580 So that was Sputnik 1. 11:57.580 --> 12:00.180 And then later on, they flew a couple other missions. 12:00.180 --> 12:04.860 And then anybody know the first animal to fly in space? 12:06.920 --> 12:09.040 The Russians flew the first animal in space. 12:09.040 --> 12:11.880 Yeah, the dog, the dog was named Laika. 12:12.060 --> 12:13.340 You may remember Laika? 12:13.480 --> 12:15.860 So Laika, Laika was a dog that flew in space. 12:15.860 --> 12:19.280 And of course, we didn't know much about Laika, you know, during the Soviet times. 12:19.280 --> 12:22.520 But after the fall of Soviet Union, information came out about Laika. 12:22.520 --> 12:26.140 And it turns out, Laika was not any ordinary dog. 12:26.140 --> 12:33.160 They scoured the entire Soviet Union to find a special dog, because they wanted to have a talking dog, because they couldn't have an air-to-ground link. 12:33.160 --> 12:34.840 So they, they needed a talking dog to talk to the dog. 12:34.840 --> 12:36.840 So Laika was a talking dog. 12:36.900 --> 12:40.460 And when Laika came down to land there, she was supposed to land on the land. 12:40.460 --> 12:43.900 But you know, the early times, her guidance wasn't that accurate. 12:43.900 --> 12:47.000 So she ended up landing in the, in the, in the sea. 12:47.000 --> 12:50.220 It was a stormy night, and a little capsule got kind of tossed around. 12:50.220 --> 12:55.980 And they finally got the capsule up on the beach, and they opened up the hatch, and Laika came trotting down. 12:55.980 --> 12:57.660 They said, Laika, how was the trip? 12:57.660 --> 12:59.080 And she said, rough. 12:59.880 --> 13:02.300 So yeah, talking dog, Laika. 13:02.360 --> 13:04.880 But so actually, that's a lie. 13:04.880 --> 13:06.080 Laika couldn't talk. 13:06.080 --> 13:11.400 Actually, Laika, unfortunately, burned up on re-entry, which is why the Russians say they invented the hot dog. 13:11.400 --> 13:13.840 So , but there we go. 13:13.860 --> 13:15.760 So, but I digress. 13:15.760 --> 13:19.040 So we get up there to be high, we get there to see what's going on. 13:19.260 --> 13:20.680 And that's the most important reason. 13:20.680 --> 13:22.500 These other reasons are cool, too. 13:22.520 --> 13:26.280 But in terms of making money, being high is where it's about. 13:26.320 --> 13:28.380 So while we're up there, we can do some cool things. 13:28.380 --> 13:32.800 So being high, one of the most important things we can do is provide communication. 13:33.100 --> 13:34.980 So Arthur Clarke came up with this idea. 13:34.980 --> 13:36.580 Arthur is a science fiction writer. 13:36.620 --> 13:38.260 He came up with this idea in the 40s. 13:38.260 --> 13:50.460 Actually, somebody else came up with it, but he's popular for stating it, is that if I could put a satellite that two people could see on opposite sides of the Earth, and they can both see the satellite, then we could talk through that satellite. 13:50.460 --> 13:53.340 So we can relay information through that satellite. 13:53.340 --> 13:56.960 That special orbit we can use to do that is called geostationary orbit. 13:56.960 --> 13:59.560 We'll talk about that here in a little while. 14:00.560 --> 14:07.120 And if you look at the bottom picture there, you can see out of the, this is not quite the scale, the geostationary orbit is pretty popular. 14:07.120 --> 14:12.820 There's roughly 400 active satellites up there in geostationary orbit, mostly doing communication. 14:13.040 --> 14:15.860 And they're not really stacked up like little bb's there. 14:15.860 --> 14:18.040 That's just showing how many are in a given slot. 14:18.040 --> 14:25.400 The slots are pretty big, about a one degree slot, roughly 360 degrees, if you will, around the Earth, roughly one degree slots. 14:25.480 --> 14:28.020 So there can be more than one satellite in a slot. 14:28.020 --> 14:30.260 But it's a very popular place to be. 14:30.260 --> 14:37.260 If you own a slot, if you have license to use a slot, that's literally money in the bank. 14:37.300 --> 14:41.260 So it's like owning beachfront property because they're not making any more of it. 14:41.260 --> 14:44.620 So very popular place to operate from in space. 14:45.760 --> 14:48.600 You can kind of see where the popular places are. 14:48.600 --> 14:55.500 You can see there's a lot kind of over in Europe, a lot over in North America, a lot over Asia, not so much over the middle of the Pacific. 14:55.880 --> 15:01.640 So that's where most of the money being made in space today is, is in geostationary com. 15:02.240 --> 15:17.740 The other big area that's not so much a moneymaker, although people do make money on GPS, but is certainly an enabler for the global economy, is navigation, and really position navigation and timing, global geospatial navigation services. 15:18.140 --> 15:26.940 And of course, the most most popular there is GPS, the global positioning system operated by the Air Force, now Space Force. 15:26.940 --> 15:33.580 And then of course, there's GLONASS, there's the Chinese Beidou system, and there's Galileo, the new European system. 15:33.580 --> 15:38.160 So there's more and more systems coming available, which is good, it gives us some backup. 15:38.160 --> 15:45.880 Because if you think about it, the entire global economy depends on this capability for position navigation and timing. 15:45.980 --> 15:51.780 If you were to take out that capability, the world economy would be worse shape than it is right now. 15:51.780 --> 15:52.900 So really bad. 15:52.940 --> 15:57.260 ATMs wouldn't work, wouldn't be able to use a lot of global communication. 15:57.360 --> 15:59.560 And of course, you know, people would get lost. 15:59.560 --> 16:01.340 So all this is key. 16:01.420 --> 16:07.520 So it's and the ability to do GPS is provided by the fact that we can put satellites in a high orbit. 16:07.660 --> 16:15.800 And standing on Earth, I can see at least four satellites at any one time, four times, it turns out to be the magic number I need to solve the problem. 16:15.800 --> 16:19.720 So I can see four satellites at once, usually, I can see more than that. 16:19.840 --> 16:23.060 I can get that by having those satellites up there in a very high orbit. 16:23.060 --> 16:26.640 So any place on Earth, you can always see at least four satellites. 16:26.700 --> 16:30.220 So that's simply an advantage of being up there high. 16:30.260 --> 16:33.560 And I'm here on Earth, I can access those satellites quite easily. 16:33.560 --> 16:36.000 And now I have the ability to do my navigation. 16:36.000 --> 16:44.620 So that high ground, again, that global perspective is being leveraged by GPS and other navigation systems. 16:45.560 --> 16:51.820 And of course, the other thing we can do by being up there is we can look down, we can look down and take pictures of what's happening on Earth. 16:51.820 --> 16:56.180 So that's our what we broadly call remote sensing kind of missions. 16:56.180 --> 17:03.680 And, and of course, obvious one would be something like the nightly weather report, you just had a hurricane pass off the coast of Florida. 17:03.680 --> 17:08.160 So you probably saw some of the images from that all came from satellites. 17:08.160 --> 17:13.840 We have satellites in geostationary orbit and in low Earth orbit that monitor the weather. 17:14.200 --> 17:17.920 And then we have all kinds of satellites that do imaging. 17:18.340 --> 17:23.020 Planet Labs has a whole number of satellites they do for daily imaging of the Earth. 17:23.020 --> 17:26.180 And you can do low resolution, high resolution. 17:26.280 --> 17:30.340 Of course, the military does very high resolution imagery spy satellite type things. 17:30.340 --> 17:38.860 We have missions like that do just environmental monitoring that will look for ozone monitoring and things like that. 17:38.860 --> 17:46.940 Landsat is a long term mission that has been flown now for gosh, going on 40 years, that they've been monitoring the Earth's environment for that long. 17:46.940 --> 17:50.380 So nice longitudinal data in terms of behavior. 17:50.500 --> 17:53.340 And these spy satellites all go back to the early days. 17:53.340 --> 18:00.120 So one of the very first, well, the first military satellite we tried to build was to do was spy satellites. 18:00.120 --> 18:05.040 And that was a mission called Corona, not to be confused with the beer or the virus. 18:05.040 --> 18:10.360 But the Corona mission was stood up by the National Reconnaissance Office at the time. 18:10.360 --> 18:12.380 That was his job was to go do that. 18:12.380 --> 18:18.840 And to give you an idea of the priority, their 13th flight was successful. 18:18.900 --> 18:23.940 They had 12 consecutive failures and still got funding to keep going. 18:24.520 --> 18:26.140 And they launched these satellites up into space. 18:26.140 --> 18:27.740 This is now the early 60s. 18:27.740 --> 18:29.780 How did they get the pictures down? 18:31.900 --> 18:33.700 Anybody know how they got the pictures down? 18:34.780 --> 18:35.200 What's that? 18:35.200 --> 18:38.000 I know, when they dropped like film rolls? 18:38.280 --> 18:52.360 Yes, they, they ejected the film rolls from the satellite, the satellite, the film rolls entered the containers, obviously, enter the atmosphere, and then they popped a parachute, and then they would snatch them out of the air. 18:52.360 --> 18:55.280 And then they would send them to a place called photomat. 18:55.400 --> 18:57.900 And you get your pictures back in a couple of weeks, right? 18:57.900 --> 19:00.620 That was the Instagram of the day, right? 19:00.620 --> 19:02.900 That's when we use this stuff called film. 19:03.780 --> 19:10.860 Yeah, hard to believe that they actually literally launched rolls of film, and then parachuted the rolls of film down from outer space. 19:10.860 --> 19:12.920 It's hard to hard to imagine. 19:12.980 --> 19:14.420 But that's what they did. 19:14.420 --> 19:17.900 It wasn't until the 70s that they went to all digital. 19:17.920 --> 19:34.560 So I mean, you can pretty much, you know, thank spy satellites for the digital capability, digital camera capability, you have on your cell phone today, and the ability to develop the CCDs and that sort of technology came and was pushed by remote sensing kind of missions. 19:34.680 --> 19:36.860 So again, why there? 19:36.860 --> 19:37.740 Why can we do this? 19:37.740 --> 19:41.880 Because we're above the earth because we're high because we can see what's going on. 19:42.900 --> 19:48.460 So let's explore that architecture now a little bit deeper now that we understand why we're going to space. 19:48.460 --> 19:53.060 And the first part of our architecture is why is the mission, right? 19:53.060 --> 19:58.200 And so in 1961, President Kennedy gave a very famous speech about going to the moon. 19:58.440 --> 20:10.180 I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal before this decade is out of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the earth. 20:10.500 --> 20:23.780 No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind or more important for the long range exploration of space and none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish. 20:38.910 --> 20:44.190 So in that case, Kennedy outlined a very simple mission, right? 20:44.190 --> 20:46.630 At least simple in terms of articulating it, right? 20:46.630 --> 20:50.010 Land a man on the moon, turn him safely to the earth, end of the decade. 20:50.010 --> 20:52.970 Three goals and objectives right there. 20:53.190 --> 20:57.550 So what we want to know about any mission is, first of all, what need are we addressing? 20:57.550 --> 20:59.670 Here it was the need to, you know, beat the Russians. 21:00.090 --> 21:03.050 But then what are the goals and objectives we're trying to accomplish? 21:03.190 --> 21:05.310 And how do we plan to go about accomplishing that? 21:05.310 --> 21:07.510 We call that the concept of operations. 21:07.650 --> 21:12.110 So we want to know all those things to give us an idea of the why. 21:12.530 --> 21:15.150 Once we know the why, we can figure out the how. 21:15.250 --> 21:17.770 And the how usually starts with a spacecraft. 21:17.770 --> 21:22.210 So a spacecraft is a satellite in orbit, and we'll talk about orbits a bit later here. 21:22.210 --> 21:24.630 And that satellite's going to do a job. 21:24.630 --> 21:27.310 And that satellite, we can break into two parts. 21:27.310 --> 21:29.210 We call it the payload and the bus. 21:29.290 --> 21:31.730 So the payload is the part that's doing the mission. 21:31.730 --> 21:38.270 It's taking the pictures, it's sending the... it's relaying the HPO signal, whatever it is its mission is doing. 21:38.270 --> 21:40.670 And then the bus is there to support the payload. 21:40.670 --> 21:48.170 So just like our little cartoon in the bottom there, the button, you know, the school bus's job is to get the payload, the kids, school. 21:48.730 --> 21:52.630 So that payload... we got a live mic here... 21:57.820 --> 22:01.060 that payload then is getting transported by the bus. 22:01.060 --> 22:02.640 And so the bus has to have what? 22:02.640 --> 22:11.180 It has to have structure, it has to have, you know, propulsion, it has to have a radio, air conditioning, all the things to keep the payload happy. 22:11.180 --> 22:14.180 And that's what we're doing in any mission, right? 22:14.180 --> 22:21.360 We have the bus carrying the payload, the payload's doing the mission, the bus is carrying the payload. 22:21.740 --> 22:25.860 And we typically will often... sometimes we'll actually split up the operations with that. 22:25.960 --> 22:33.480 There's a DOD mission where the Army operates the payload and the Air Force, I guess now Space Force, operates the bus. 22:33.480 --> 22:39.820 And that's a... because it's a big mission and it's a lot to manage, so they split that between two organizations. 22:39.820 --> 22:48.700 And some science missions may have a dozen different payloads, and so you may have multiple payload operators for different parts of that. 22:48.700 --> 22:51.540 So that's kind of how we want to think about our mission. 22:51.540 --> 23:01.860 We have our mission at the center, have our spacecraft that's doing the job, and we have the payload that's actually doing the interaction, taking the pictures, the bus supporting the payload. 23:02.680 --> 23:07.680 And then we... once we're up there, the spacecraft has to operate from an orbit. 23:07.680 --> 23:11.980 And as we're going to see, we can think about an orbit like a big racetrack. 23:12.000 --> 23:17.660 And so once I get into that racetrack, I'm going to be going around, around the Earth all day long, and then I'm going to look down. 23:17.940 --> 23:21.140 And when I look down, I'm going to see some amount of the Earth. 23:21.140 --> 23:24.140 How much I see depends on how high I am, right? 23:24.140 --> 23:26.480 The higher I am, more of the Earth I can see. 23:26.940 --> 23:34.260 As I look down then, that cone that you see in that cartoon on the bottom, that cone has a field of regard. 23:34.260 --> 23:37.480 The field of regard is everything I potentially can see. 23:37.480 --> 23:43.020 And then the field of view is what I actually do see when I, say, point my camera. 23:43.020 --> 23:45.740 I've got an animation of that coming up a little bit later. 23:46.060 --> 23:54.120 And then that swath, you see that line across there, that tells you how much of the Earth I can see as I'm kind of going around the Earth. 23:54.120 --> 23:56.720 So that swath... think about mowing a lawn, right? 23:56.720 --> 24:06.400 I'm mowing a swath across the Earth, and depending on how high I am, and depending on some other factors of my mission, that'll tell you how wide a swath I can cut. 24:06.400 --> 24:12.000 And if I cut a wide swath, then maybe I don't need to orbit the Earth very many times to see everything. 24:12.000 --> 24:17.000 If I have a narrow swath, I may have to orbit the Earth quite a few times before I see everything. 24:17.060 --> 24:25.940 And so that's going to be a big trade-off for us in terms of access to information on the ground and access from the ground to the satellite, as we're going to see. 24:25.940 --> 24:28.920 We'll look at a thing called ground tracks and see why that's important. 24:29.720 --> 24:32.620 The other piece of the problem is getting to space. 24:32.620 --> 24:38.940 So here's our launch of the Atlas V launch of the NASA CIRUS-REx mission from a couple of years ago. 24:39.580 --> 24:51.000 She had a big old Atlas V rocket and liquid oxygen kerosene engines on the first stage there, RD-180 engines. 24:51.000 --> 24:55.800 And that's going to take you into orbit, into that orbit we just talked about. 24:56.060 --> 25:03.120 Rockets are broken into stages, and that's because of the just inherent limitations of the rocket technology we have today. 25:03.900 --> 25:06.180 In this case, their stage is not recoverable. 25:06.180 --> 25:10.420 If I'd shown you Falcon 9, it'd probably show you recovering that first stage. 25:10.660 --> 25:12.820 It's also LOX kerosene, it turns out. 25:12.820 --> 25:14.840 But that's how I'm going to get to orbit. 25:14.840 --> 25:20.480 And we're going to see how much energy that launch vehicle has to deliver for me to get into orbit. 25:20.480 --> 25:21.860 Turns out that's quite a bit. 25:22.760 --> 25:25.500 Once I'm up there, now I can start doing my mission. 25:25.500 --> 25:33.300 And the main reason I'm in space, I'm up there, I'm high, I'm looking down at the earth, I'm up there either creating data or moving data, right? 25:33.300 --> 25:40.140 So the whole name of the game in the space business is about ones and zeros going from one point to another, right? 25:40.140 --> 25:44.940 How those ones and zeros get around are on all these links that we're going to talk about. 25:44.940 --> 25:49.820 So that's that communication architecture we show there at the top. 25:49.820 --> 25:55.340 So all of mission operations is about people, processes, and things for doing the job. 25:55.340 --> 26:03.440 We've got a lot of things, a lot of infrastructure, manufacturing, launch capabilities, communication networks. 26:03.440 --> 26:08.320 And then I have all the people, the mission management and operations that are actually running the mission. 26:08.320 --> 26:11.580 So I have a classic picture down there at the bottom. 26:11.580 --> 26:17.800 That's the Apollo 13 mission after they successfully got the astronauts back from their harrowing experience. 26:17.800 --> 26:20.900 You see dozens of people there just in the front room. 26:20.900 --> 26:29.300 But a large mission like human spaceflight, International Space Station, literally has thousands of people around the world supporting that. 26:29.300 --> 26:34.420 Now, if I have a little CubeSat mission, maybe only have a dozen or so people supporting that. 26:34.420 --> 26:36.120 But still, you've got people, right? 26:36.120 --> 26:40.160 People, processes, and things that we need to run the mission. 26:41.140 --> 26:45.200 Then finally, we have system engineering and project management to pull it all together. 26:45.200 --> 26:49.020 So system engineering is our process of turning a need into a capability. 26:49.140 --> 26:55.480 System engineering is about balancing cost schedule performance along with risk to deliver our mission successfully. 26:55.480 --> 27:07.740 And then we have our project management to lead the team and ultimately try to deliver the program on cost, on schedule, on budget with acceptable risk. 27:07.940 --> 27:30.520 And then supporting all that, and especially as we kind of emerge into this area of cyberspace and cybersecurity for space, is we have an organization that we can call out here called Information Sharing and Analysis Center, the ISAC, started just a year or so ago to look at trying to pull together some of these threats and opportunities in cyberspace. 27:30.520 --> 27:47.340 So they work with industry and they work with government, focusing on three key areas of supply chain, safety, business systems, and overall missions to try to make sure that we're staying, keep the community aware of what the cybersecurity issues could be. 27:47.580 --> 27:49.900 So there's our big picture context. 27:49.900 --> 27:59.080 I wanted to understand why we go to space for that global perspective, what kinds of missions we do up there, especially communication, remote sensing, and navigation. 27:59.360 --> 28:11.420 I want you to understand what we mean by that space mission architecture that includes the mission itself, the spacecraft, the orbit, the launch vehicle, mission operation systems as well. 28:11.520 --> 28:20.600 So from a cybersecurity standpoint, what we'd like you to take away here is an understanding and appreciation for how important space is to the global economy. 28:20.600 --> 28:29.300 Not only is it a big industry just by itself, and nearly half a billion, half a trillion dollars, but it's integral to pretty much everything. 28:29.300 --> 28:44.160 So from cell phones, to power grids, to GPS, to commercial transportation, and simply knowing where you are in commercial and financial markets, we depend, we the world, depend on space. 28:44.160 --> 28:51.840 And of course, the more you depend on something, the more vulnerable it can potentially be, and that's the vulnerability we want you to be aware of. 28:51.840 --> 28:57.180 And because of that, space is becoming a larger attack vector that we have to focus on. 28:57.180 --> 29:03.300 And then finally, just be aware of the space ISAC and what that collaborative groups like that can help do for us. 29:04.160 --> 29:04.820 All right. 29:05.160 --> 29:08.820 There was a good question about reusable rockets I want to get to in here in a second. 29:09.260 --> 29:14.620 But any specific questions about what we just covered in terms of big picture? 29:17.940 --> 29:19.800 See, we ended up with a pretty healthy crowd. 29:19.800 --> 29:20.760 So that's great. 29:21.620 --> 29:24.100 Any questions that came out from what we covered? 29:28.760 --> 29:31.300 Yeah, I think I have a question. 29:31.300 --> 29:34.360 So I am French, so I have a French accent. 29:34.360 --> 29:37.360 So I hope you will, you will be able to understand me. 29:38.040 --> 29:40.460 I have to go on another. 29:40.460 --> 29:42.420 So it was really interesting. 29:42.540 --> 29:43.760 And thank you so much. 29:43.760 --> 29:47.120 And I have to go on another talk. 29:47.200 --> 29:49.580 But can I have your email address? 29:49.580 --> 29:53.260 Because I would like to ask you some questions, but I need to leave now. 29:53.580 --> 29:56.880 So is it possible that you write it in the chat, maybe? 29:58.000 --> 30:00.520 Yeah, it was in the slides that I just put there too. 30:00.520 --> 30:01.480 I didn't. 30:01.480 --> 30:03.360 Okay, well, that's really nice. 30:03.360 --> 30:04.080 Thank you so much. 30:04.080 --> 30:08.080 And I will need to leave Zoom really soon. 30:08.080 --> 30:10.540 Well, we'll be doing it again tomorrow and Sunday morning. 30:10.540 --> 30:11.940 So if you want to drop back. 30:12.280 --> 30:13.740 At what time? 30:14.260 --> 30:15.220 Tomorrow. 30:15.420 --> 30:19.340 Tomorrow's at nine and at 1.30. 30:20.480 --> 30:21.200 Okay. 30:21.200 --> 30:23.300 And then another one on Sunday at 9am. 30:23.380 --> 30:24.100 Yep. 30:24.100 --> 30:25.280 Okay. 30:27.720 --> 30:35.740 Is it written on the DEFCON schedule website with Aerospace Village? 30:35.740 --> 30:36.220 I'm not sure. 30:36.220 --> 30:36.940 I didn't see it. 30:36.940 --> 30:37.540 It should be. 30:37.540 --> 30:39.440 Matt should be able to answer that. 30:39.440 --> 30:45.420 And if you check in the Discord, there's an Understanding Space Discord channel. 30:45.960 --> 30:47.120 Okay. 30:48.520 --> 30:49.540 That's great. 30:49.540 --> 30:50.700 Thank you. 30:50.980 --> 30:51.820 You bet. 30:51.820 --> 30:54.080 Any other specific questions from what we covered? 30:56.620 --> 30:57.140 All right. 30:57.140 --> 30:58.600 I'm going to give you the poll. 31:01.190 --> 31:04.410 So let's launch the poll there. 31:04.930 --> 31:07.310 So take a couple of minutes to answer the poll. 31:07.550 --> 31:11.330 And we will start back up in about 10 minutes. 31:11.330 --> 31:13.210 So this gives you a chance to answer the poll. 31:13.210 --> 31:14.970 And then we'll cover the poll. 31:14.970 --> 31:16.710 And then we'll pick right back up there. 31:16.710 --> 31:19.030 And we're going to hit Opportunities. 31:19.030 --> 31:20.290 So buckle up. 31:20.290 --> 31:23.590 We're going to talk about Orbital Mechanics when we get back. 31:23.590 --> 31:24.930 So go ahead and take the poll. 31:24.930 --> 31:27.190 Take a stretch break if you need it. 31:27.190 --> 31:30.130 And then we'll dive into Orbital Mechanics in a minute. 32:34.880 --> 32:36.820 And do your best with the poll questions. 32:36.820 --> 32:44.280 And then if there's any other questions you have from what we've covered so far, or if there's something you want to make sure I do cover, please put that in the chat. 33:54.430 --> 33:54.870 All right. 33:54.870 --> 33:58.770 I'm getting pretty good participation in the chat there or in the poll. 34:00.910 --> 34:02.530 Give everybody another minute or two. 34:02.530 --> 34:06.270 And then we'll go through the poll and see if we have any other questions. 34:06.270 --> 34:08.790 And then we'll pick up from there. 34:44.320 --> 34:44.900 All right. 34:44.900 --> 34:48.620 Let's see how we did in the poll here and share the results. 34:50.820 --> 34:52.140 So... all right. 34:52.140 --> 34:56.940 So single most important reason we go to space is to get high, right? 34:56.940 --> 34:59.800 Ultimate high ground, to get that global perspective. 34:59.840 --> 35:02.020 It's more than just getting above the atmosphere. 35:02.020 --> 35:05.400 In fact, we'll see we don't always even get above the atmosphere completely. 35:05.620 --> 35:09.720 It's about getting up there so we can see more stuff. 35:09.720 --> 35:11.680 That's the single most important reason. 35:11.680 --> 35:13.740 And it's not to experience zero G. 35:13.740 --> 35:16.040 So we'll talk about that word. 35:16.080 --> 35:17.820 We don't like to use that word. 35:18.660 --> 35:26.920 So the part of the spacecraft that does the business, basically does the mission, we call that the payload, the thing that takes the pictures or collects science or whatever. 35:27.720 --> 35:37.320 And then mission operations systems is all the ground and space-based infrastructure we need to coordinate. 35:37.320 --> 35:40.220 We call that the glue that holds the mission together. 35:40.220 --> 35:43.900 So that's broadly, we call that mission operations systems. 35:44.420 --> 35:46.980 Space capabilities, yep, definitely true. 35:46.980 --> 35:49.060 It becomes so integral to everything we do. 35:49.060 --> 35:51.860 It's hard to imagine life without space. 35:52.200 --> 35:55.180 We've become, if anything, too dependent on it. 35:55.320 --> 36:02.780 And then ISAC focuses on those key areas there, supply chain, business systems, and missions. 36:02.820 --> 36:04.220 So good stuff. 36:06.140 --> 36:10.400 Any questions before we dive a bit into orbital mechanics? 36:12.160 --> 36:13.100 Right. 36:13.100 --> 36:20.060 So when we're done here, the goal is to make you all a genuine bonafide certified orbital mechanics. 36:20.300 --> 36:26.060 So, and I can tell you where to buy the toolkit, but you'll be an orbital mechanic. 36:26.060 --> 36:28.780 You'll be certified to fix people's orbits. 36:28.780 --> 36:30.040 You'll be all ready to go. 36:30.040 --> 36:33.500 So that's what we're doing in this section is really focused on opportunities. 36:33.500 --> 36:39.600 So where are the opportunities to actually do things to space systems? 36:39.640 --> 36:43.960 And some of those are quite limited as we'll see, based on things like orbital mechanics. 36:43.960 --> 36:50.900 Some of them are quite open because we have a pretty wide attack space potentially in the area of mission operations. 36:50.900 --> 36:57.800 So we're going to look at orbits and operations as two opportunity areas that we have to focus on. 36:58.460 --> 37:06.500 So, as I said a little bit ago, that when we look at orbits, the first order you can imagine an orbit is like a big racetrack. 37:06.500 --> 37:09.840 So think of this racetrack going around the earth, round and round all day. 37:09.840 --> 37:15.300 I've got the Hubble Space Telescope in that racetrack, and it's just going around and around all day long. 37:15.340 --> 37:19.460 In the U.S., we have a kind of a popular sport called NASCAR. 37:19.900 --> 37:25.420 And the joke is, you know, how do you escape if a NASCAR person is chasing you? 37:25.420 --> 37:27.720 And the answer is turn right. 37:27.880 --> 37:33.440 Because in NASCAR, they just turn left all day long, going around, around, around, around the track. 37:33.520 --> 37:35.600 And that's pretty much what a satellite does. 37:35.600 --> 37:39.080 It just goes around, around, around, around the track all day long. 37:39.080 --> 37:43.480 In low earth orbit, that takes it about 90 minutes to go once around the earth. 37:43.480 --> 37:45.440 So it's roughly 15 times a day. 37:45.540 --> 37:47.380 It's going to go around, around the earth. 37:47.520 --> 37:48.640 And that's what it does. 37:48.640 --> 37:49.880 And that's what we want it to do. 37:49.880 --> 37:51.120 We want it to be predictable. 37:51.120 --> 37:53.840 We want it to be in the same orbit all the time. 37:54.100 --> 37:58.240 And those are things that they're going to help us understand how to do our mission operations. 37:58.400 --> 38:00.660 So we're trying to get into that racetrack. 38:00.660 --> 38:02.500 Well, how do we get into that racetrack? 38:02.500 --> 38:06.580 Well, to get into that racetrack, we have to remember there's this thing called gravity. 38:06.800 --> 38:11.060 And so if you drop something, it goes down and you forget how gravity works. 38:11.120 --> 38:12.560 Just remember the earth sucks. 38:12.560 --> 38:13.940 It just pulls it down. 38:14.140 --> 38:17.100 So if I drop a baseball, it's going to fall. 38:17.380 --> 38:21.620 So in my cartoon in the upper right, I now have two baseball players. 38:21.980 --> 38:28.120 I have one who's going to drop a ball and I have one who's going to throw a ball from the same height at the same time. 38:29.020 --> 38:33.340 So if I drop a ball and I throw a ball, which one should hit first? 38:33.480 --> 38:36.160 Well, way back in the day, there was a guy named Aristotle. 38:36.240 --> 38:40.300 He thought that if you had a heavy ball and a light ball, that the heavy ball would fall faster. 38:40.300 --> 38:44.220 And it wasn't until Galileo came along and said, hey, let's try it. 38:44.220 --> 38:48.900 And he figured out, well, wait a minute, heavy ball, light ball, everything falls at the same rate. 38:48.920 --> 38:52.340 So it turns out gravity doesn't care about the motion of the ball. 38:52.340 --> 38:54.760 You can throw it, you can spin it, you can do whatever you want to it. 38:54.820 --> 39:01.600 It's still going to fall at the same rate, which at the surface of the earth is about 9.8 meters per second squared. 39:01.840 --> 39:08.600 So if you don't believe me, I've got a little video here that shows this simultaneous dropping and throwing. 39:08.600 --> 39:13.580 So I'm going to drop a ball here and throw a ball at the same time. 39:16.800 --> 39:23.120 And you can see there in slow motion, they're hitting at the same time. 39:26.530 --> 39:33.070 If anybody likes the Mythbusters, remember the Mythbusters, they did one where they shot a bullet and they dropped a bullet. 39:33.070 --> 39:36.450 So the bullet went like 300 feet and then hit the ground. 39:36.530 --> 39:44.110 And they showed the same thing, whether you drop it or even with a bullet, right, it's still going to fall at the same rate as when you drop. 39:44.190 --> 39:45.830 Okay, so what does that mean? 39:45.830 --> 39:49.830 Okay, so now we get a little thought experiment here to understand orbits. 39:49.850 --> 39:51.650 So picture the earth, right? 39:51.650 --> 39:53.550 Imagine the earth is a perfect sphere. 39:54.390 --> 40:03.190 If the earth were a perfect sphere, then for every eight kilometers you go horizontally, the earth curves away five meters. 40:03.190 --> 40:05.370 So we're going to do a little thought experiment here. 40:05.370 --> 40:09.250 We're going to build a tower on the earth that's five meters tall. 40:09.250 --> 40:14.590 And on that tower, we're going to put a diving board that's eight kilometers long. 40:14.590 --> 40:26.550 So if I walk all the way up to the edge of that eight kilometers and look down, the earth is going to be 10 meters below me because I started out five, I went out eight kilometers, the earth curved away five meters. 40:26.550 --> 40:32.530 The surface here could be 10 meters below the edge of the diving board. 40:32.530 --> 40:35.310 Okay, well now, imagine I was going to throw a baseball. 40:35.870 --> 40:36.970 So I'm going to go back to my tower. 40:36.970 --> 40:38.170 I'm going to throw a baseball. 40:38.170 --> 40:40.130 I'm going to throw it really fast. 40:40.130 --> 40:43.330 I'm going to throw it eight kilometers per second. 40:43.470 --> 40:47.230 So that means it's going to reach the edge of the diving board in a second. 40:47.370 --> 40:49.570 Well, how far will it fall in a second? 40:49.570 --> 40:53.810 Well, it turns out the distance you fall is one half AT squared. 40:53.990 --> 40:56.110 So A is 9.81. 40:56.110 --> 40:57.930 So we'll just call that 10. 40:57.930 --> 40:59.310 And half of 10 is 5. 40:59.310 --> 41:03.230 So basically in one second, you're going to fall five meters. 41:03.230 --> 41:05.610 So you started out five meters above the surface. 41:05.610 --> 41:08.050 You went out eight kilometers in a second. 41:08.050 --> 41:13.310 You fell five meters and you are still five meters above the surface. 41:13.830 --> 41:16.670 Well, what's going to happen the next second? 41:16.790 --> 41:19.230 Well, you're going to go another eight kilometers. 41:19.590 --> 41:22.010 You're going to fall another five meters. 41:22.010 --> 41:24.830 The earth is going to curve away another five meters. 41:24.830 --> 41:27.590 You're still going to be five meters above the surface. 41:27.590 --> 41:29.650 You are in a circular orbit. 41:30.190 --> 41:32.570 What did it take to get into a circular orbit? 41:32.570 --> 41:35.410 You had to go eight kilometers per second horizontal. 41:36.010 --> 41:40.150 Is this a condition of free of zero gravity? 41:40.370 --> 41:42.310 No, you're falling. 41:42.310 --> 41:44.470 The earth is pulling you down. 41:44.470 --> 41:51.090 You are just going so fast forward that the earth is curving away as fast as you go forward. 41:51.090 --> 41:53.410 So you keep missing the earth, right? 41:53.410 --> 41:57.450 You're falling, but you keep missing the earth because the earth keeps curving away from you. 41:57.450 --> 41:59.610 That's what allows you to be in a circular orbit. 41:59.610 --> 42:02.970 It's about that horizontal velocity. 42:02.970 --> 42:08.030 So sometimes people talk about centrifugal force stuff. 42:08.030 --> 42:13.130 If anybody tells you about centrifugal force with respect to orbits, just that's not right. 42:13.130 --> 42:15.950 There's no such thing as a centrifugal force, it turns out. 42:15.990 --> 42:17.810 It's all about the speed. 42:17.810 --> 42:21.930 It's about going fast and so fast you keep missing the earth. 42:21.930 --> 42:23.570 If you don't believe me, check Newton. 42:23.570 --> 42:28.410 If you go into Newton's, you can see Newton's sketch pad back when he was in his 20s. 42:28.410 --> 42:33.170 He drew little cannonballs being launched from cannons and showed how you would get into orbit, right? 42:33.170 --> 42:37.310 And there was no centrifugal force concept going on there. 42:37.310 --> 42:40.550 It's just about the velocity and this concept of gravity. 42:41.730 --> 42:46.790 So depending then on how hard I throw the ball, I'm going to get into a different orbit. 42:46.790 --> 42:53.370 So at any given altitude, there's only one specific velocity that'll give me exactly a circular orbit. 42:53.370 --> 42:59.010 If I throw it a little faster than that circular orbital velocity, then I'll be in an elliptical orbit. 42:59.010 --> 43:05.930 If I throw it slower, then I'll become an intercontinental ballistic baseball and I'll take out Rio down there. 43:06.750 --> 43:11.550 The shape of this trajectory is actually also an ellipse. 43:11.550 --> 43:17.810 Now they might've told you in high school physics when you throw basketballs or baseballs or something that those are parabolic. 43:17.810 --> 43:19.810 They're not, it's an ellipse. 43:20.650 --> 43:23.470 So this is an ellipse that happens to intersect the earth. 43:23.470 --> 43:32.670 If I do in fact throw the ball really, really fast, then I can enter my own independent orbit around the sun that's different. 43:32.670 --> 43:39.710 I'm no longer tied to the earth and I'm in my own independent orbit around the sun, different than the earth, but I don't really go anywhere. 43:42.150 --> 43:44.370 And I used to say, we don't do that. 43:44.370 --> 43:46.090 And then we started doing that. 43:46.250 --> 43:50.070 And as we call that earth trailing orbits now. 43:51.110 --> 43:52.550 Solar observation. 43:53.770 --> 43:57.950 If I want to go somewhere, I got to throw the ball even faster. 43:58.110 --> 44:05.770 So it goes out to the edge of the earth's gravitational sphere of influence and actually has excess velocity to go somewhere. 44:05.770 --> 44:08.670 We call that hyperbolic excess velocity. 44:08.690 --> 44:20.050 So when NASA launched the Perseverance rover to Mars last week, it not only had to escape the earth, they had to escape the earth with extra velocity that would allow it to go all the way to Mars. 44:20.050 --> 44:23.470 So it left earth on a hyperbolic trajectory. 44:23.470 --> 44:27.810 It then entered an elliptical trajectory around the sun. 44:27.810 --> 44:31.810 And then it's going to encounter Mars again on a hyperbolic trajectory. 44:31.810 --> 44:34.170 And they'll have to fire rockets to inter-orbit. 44:34.270 --> 44:37.170 Well, actually, with rover, they're going to directly enter. 44:37.170 --> 44:38.470 They got a big heat shield. 44:38.470 --> 44:40.650 So they're going to just slam right in the atmosphere. 44:40.730 --> 44:42.430 That's how they'll bleed off all that energy. 44:42.430 --> 44:47.710 And then they'll land on Mars using their complicated sky crane thing they have worked out. 44:47.710 --> 44:50.470 So no matter what I do, there's only four options. 44:50.470 --> 44:52.550 Circle, ellipse, hyperbola, parabola. 44:52.610 --> 44:58.030 And in reality, you can never get a perfect circle and you can never get a perfect parabola. 44:58.030 --> 45:03.630 So the only things we'll see is in reality are ellipses and hyperbolas. 45:03.630 --> 45:07.750 And for our business of orbiting around the earth, everything is an ellipse. 45:07.750 --> 45:16.390 Now, a lot of orbits are close enough that we call them circular, but realize to go out enough decimal places, they're not exactly circular. 45:16.390 --> 45:18.490 So those are our orbit options. 45:18.530 --> 45:20.130 Any questions on that so far? 45:20.130 --> 45:21.610 What it takes to get into orbit? 45:25.550 --> 45:32.730 Are there like orders of magnitude in terms of how much power you need to get out there? 45:32.730 --> 45:36.490 Does it like increase significantly or is it all fairly linear? 45:37.150 --> 45:38.670 That's a really interesting question. 45:38.670 --> 45:43.630 So let me let me tackle that here in a second, because that's an interesting way to think about it. 45:44.550 --> 45:48.670 So when I'm getting up into orbit, so first of all, I got to launch the ball, right? 45:48.670 --> 45:50.650 So I got to get that ball going fast. 45:50.650 --> 45:54.770 So if I don't get it going quite fast enough, it's going to smash into the earth. 45:54.770 --> 45:58.130 If I have it going just fast enough, it enters a circular orbit. 45:58.130 --> 46:01.970 If I go a little faster, it's going to enter an elliptical orbit. 46:02.410 --> 46:10.190 So as I said, right around the earth, you know, low earth orbit, a couple hundred kilometers up, we're looking at going about eight kilometers per second. 46:10.410 --> 46:19.110 But when I talked about that racetrack, the bigger the racetrack, the more energy, and we're talking about mechanical energy here. 46:19.110 --> 46:21.410 The bigger the racetrack, the more energy. 46:21.430 --> 46:26.170 So if I want to go higher, I'm gonna have to throw the baseball harder, right? 46:26.390 --> 46:29.830 So in low earth orbit, I'm going about eight kilometers per second. 46:29.830 --> 46:39.050 But as I go out to higher orbit, let's say all the way to geostationary orbit, which is 36,000 kilometers away, I'm now only going about three kilometers per second. 46:39.250 --> 46:40.690 Okay, well, where'd the energy go? 46:40.690 --> 46:43.010 Well, this is, it's all potential now, right? 46:43.010 --> 46:50.330 I don't have the same kinetic energy, I have more potential energy, because it costs me energy to get out there. 46:50.330 --> 46:53.110 I have to spend energy to get higher, right? 46:53.110 --> 46:55.670 And I climb out of that gravity well. 46:56.510 --> 47:11.210 But so that my, so I need to get out to geostationary orbit from low earth orbit, costs you about four kilometers per second, extra delta V, to go from low earth orbit all the way to geostationary. 47:11.210 --> 47:15.530 Turns out that's about the same amount as it takes to go to the moon. 47:16.150 --> 47:20.230 To go from low earth orbit to the moon is pi kilometers per second. 47:20.230 --> 47:23.230 So it's 3.14 kilometers per second, give or take. 47:23.610 --> 47:26.790 And then to get into lunar orbit is about another 800 meters per second. 47:26.790 --> 47:32.290 So it's about four kilometers per second to go from low earth orbit to the moon, about the same as geo. 47:32.290 --> 47:35.250 And going to Mars is only about five and a half. 47:35.310 --> 47:37.570 So it's not exponential. 47:37.690 --> 47:39.630 And it's not really linear either. 47:39.630 --> 47:47.730 But one of my favorite science fiction writers, Robert Heinlein once said, low earth orbit is halfway to everywhere. 47:48.210 --> 47:52.030 If you, it costs you about eight kilometers per second to get into low earth orbit. 47:52.030 --> 47:58.790 If you have another eight kilometers per second available, you can go anywhere in the solar system eventually, right? 47:58.790 --> 48:03.030 It might take you nine years to get to Pluto, but you'll get there, right? 48:03.030 --> 48:06.110 And so it's all about the gravity, you know. 48:06.110 --> 48:15.890 So, you know, if you live, you know, there's certain parts of the country and parts of the world, when you ask people how far something is, they tell you in time, not in distance, right? 48:15.890 --> 48:17.550 So it's all about how you think about it. 48:17.550 --> 48:20.470 So in space, the distance is not so important. 48:20.470 --> 48:22.030 It's about the energy, right? 48:22.030 --> 48:26.630 And we'll use that delta V as our kind of coin of the realm there. 48:26.790 --> 48:29.990 So that delta V then is, you know, depends on the orbit. 48:29.990 --> 48:33.170 And so the low earth orbit is about eight kilometers per second. 48:33.170 --> 48:37.010 As I said, if you go higher, this number goes down. 48:37.010 --> 48:39.030 About three kilometers per second. 48:40.130 --> 48:42.590 So it's all about trading the energy, though. 48:42.590 --> 48:46.130 This is the conservation of mechanical energy. 48:46.130 --> 48:48.950 So just like being on a swing, right? 48:48.950 --> 48:51.090 So when you're going low, you're fast. 48:51.090 --> 48:52.750 And when you're going high, you're slow. 48:52.830 --> 48:58.790 So I'm trading kinetic energy for potential energy here, right? 48:58.790 --> 49:03.110 So at the high point of the orbit, which we call apogee, I'm going slowest. 49:03.110 --> 49:06.450 At the low point, we call perigee, I'm going fastest. 49:06.450 --> 49:09.070 But my total energy is the same. 49:09.390 --> 49:10.710 Energy is conserved. 49:10.710 --> 49:15.790 Energy is a conservative field, which means whatever energy you start with, you end up with. 49:15.790 --> 49:23.810 Which is nice, because that means if I tell you the energy of the orbit, of the satellite at any one spot, I know it at every spot. 49:23.810 --> 49:28.370 So I don't have to continuously track stuff in orbit. 49:28.370 --> 49:31.890 I really probably couldn't do that, even though I wanted to in a lot of cases. 49:31.890 --> 49:35.910 Which is good news, because that means I only have to track it for a little bit. 49:35.910 --> 49:40.070 And if I know that energy, it's going to be the same all the time. 49:40.070 --> 49:42.250 So that's a big advantage for that. 49:42.710 --> 49:46.690 The other thing that's conserved in my orbit is angular momentum. 49:46.690 --> 49:48.770 So angular momentum is a vector quantity. 49:48.770 --> 49:56.210 So if you wrap your right hand around the direction of the orbit, it'll tell you the angular momentum vector. 49:56.410 --> 49:58.850 So you can see that in this animation. 49:59.730 --> 50:03.730 What that means is that orbit plane is fixed in space. 50:03.730 --> 50:09.830 The Earth is rotating underneath me, but that plane is fixed with respect to the stars. 50:09.930 --> 50:16.310 So you see that angular momentum vector, that big arrow pointing out there, that's orthogonal to that orbit plane. 50:16.790 --> 50:21.750 But the plane itself is fixed in space, and the Earth is rotating underneath me. 50:21.750 --> 50:23.890 That's a key thing to try to visualize. 50:24.650 --> 50:31.310 It's hard to imagine something being fixed in space, but that is because of angular conservation of angular momentum. 50:31.310 --> 50:35.870 And that's important in terms of what I can see when I'm going around. 50:35.870 --> 50:38.070 So as I'm going around, this is animation. 50:38.070 --> 50:40.450 This is not an artist's conception. 50:40.450 --> 50:48.550 This is using a simulation tool called System Toolkit by a company called Analytical Graphics. 50:48.550 --> 50:51.390 We're an educational partner, so that's my advertising for those guys. 50:51.390 --> 50:53.150 But they make a neat tool. 50:53.150 --> 50:58.050 And that tool helps us understand the behavior here. 50:58.050 --> 51:03.270 The circles you see represent different things that I can look at. 51:03.270 --> 51:09.670 So that big circle, that outer circle, represents everything I can see out to the true horizon. 51:10.030 --> 51:12.850 And this satellite is in a 700-kilometer orbit. 51:12.850 --> 51:19.530 The littler circle represents a field of regard for what we call an elevation angle of about 60 degrees. 51:19.530 --> 51:24.290 That big circle is an elevation angle of zero degrees, basically looking along the horizon. 51:24.290 --> 51:27.250 As I go up to about 60 degrees, I get this circle. 51:27.250 --> 51:32.270 And then when I look down with my camera, you see that little itty-bitty soda straw. 51:32.670 --> 51:37.170 That's what I can actually image with my high-resolution camera. 51:37.170 --> 51:42.330 Typically, these high-resolution imagers only have about a degree or so field of view. 51:42.350 --> 51:46.610 That means it's going to take me a long time to image the whole Earth. 51:46.710 --> 51:53.450 So that swath then is telling me how much of the Earth I'm covering on a given pass. 51:53.450 --> 51:58.430 And it's also going to tell me when I can see the satellite, when the satellite can see me. 51:58.430 --> 52:02.410 These are the opportunities I have to interact with that satellite. 52:02.790 --> 52:06.910 So as that satellite's going over, imagine that we're tracing a line on the Earth, right? 52:06.910 --> 52:09.410 So we're going to call this the ground track. 52:09.410 --> 52:15.570 So as I'm going around the Earth, the yellow there is the equatorial plane, just for reference. 52:15.870 --> 52:31.050 So as I'm going around the Earth, notice that the satellite stays in its plane, and the Earth is rotating underneath that plane, which means I'm basically doing like a spiral cut, if you will, of the Earth as I'm going around. 52:31.530 --> 52:42.550 And so if I'm on the ground and I want to see that satellite, I have to wait for it to pass over me, or think about another way, me to rotate underneath its orbit plane, right? 52:42.550 --> 52:44.190 Depends on how you want to think about it. 52:44.190 --> 52:45.910 And that creates our ground track. 52:45.910 --> 52:51.250 So we have a static map, because it's hard to move a map, so we just have a map. 52:51.250 --> 52:53.610 And we have our guy standing down there in South America. 52:53.610 --> 53:03.110 So when the satellite crosses the equator on its first orbit, let's say, the person could look over and see the satellite to his east. 53:03.290 --> 53:07.190 Now imagine it's a low Earth orbit satellite, has a period of about 90 minutes. 53:07.190 --> 53:12.070 Now the Earth is going to rotate 22.5 degrees in 90 minutes, 15 degrees an hour. 53:12.070 --> 53:20.090 That means the next time the satellite passes the equator, from the person's standpoint, the satellite will now be to his west, okay? 53:20.090 --> 53:22.390 So the satellite stayed in the same plane. 53:22.390 --> 53:25.590 The Earth rotated underneath the orbit plane, right? 53:25.590 --> 53:32.450 So and probably the next orbit on the third orbit, it'll be beyond the horizon, and you won't even be able to see it, right? 53:32.450 --> 53:44.370 So this is telling us when I can access that satellite to, you know, have it take pictures of me, have me talk to it, or if I was trying to do something to it, when I could even have that opportunity. 53:45.150 --> 53:49.090 So then different orbits will have different ground tracks. 53:49.090 --> 53:51.870 There's things that we can adjust on the orbit. 53:51.870 --> 53:53.610 We call their orbital elements. 53:53.850 --> 53:56.610 And one of those is the size of the orbit. 53:56.610 --> 54:01.730 And the bigger the orbit, the longer the period, the longer it takes to go once around the orbit. 54:01.730 --> 54:04.870 So here you see different orbits, A, B, C, D, E. 54:04.970 --> 54:07.770 And notice A has a period of 2.7 hours. 54:07.770 --> 54:09.710 B is a period of 8 hours. 54:09.710 --> 54:11.710 C is a period of 18 hours. 54:11.730 --> 54:14.730 And E is a period of about 24 hours. 54:15.230 --> 54:16.910 Notice what's happening to the ground track. 54:16.910 --> 54:19.490 The ground track is getting scrunched together. 54:19.490 --> 54:21.210 That's our technical term, scrunched. 54:21.210 --> 54:27.390 We're getting scrunched together until I get to orbit D, which ends up being a figure eight. 54:27.610 --> 54:30.610 So orbit D, the period is about 24 hours. 54:30.610 --> 54:34.190 So we say it is synchronized with the Earth's rotation. 54:34.190 --> 54:36.450 In other words, it is geosynchronous. 54:37.010 --> 54:38.120 Now, A, B, C, D... 54:38.670 --> 54:41.630 A, B, C, and D have the same inclination. 54:41.630 --> 54:46.510 So inclination is the angle of the orbit with respect to the equator, if you want to think of it that way. 54:46.510 --> 54:50.630 If I was orbiting around the equator, we'd say we have an inclination of zero. 54:50.630 --> 54:54.670 If I was orbiting around the poles, we'd say you have an inclination of 90. 54:55.470 --> 54:59.690 And in the case of A, B, C, and D, they all have an inclination of 50. 54:59.750 --> 55:05.350 And I can tell that by looking at the highest point, the highest latitude that it reaches. 55:05.350 --> 55:07.070 You see over here the high latitude. 55:07.190 --> 55:09.310 I'm glad it was 50 north, 50 south. 55:09.330 --> 55:12.130 So that's telling me the inclination is about 50 degrees. 55:13.110 --> 55:15.350 And then look what happens to orbit E. 55:15.350 --> 55:19.890 Now I slink the inclination, so it now is going around the equator. 55:20.090 --> 55:25.890 And so now the ground track for orbit E is a dot on the equator. 55:25.890 --> 55:29.370 So it is now stationary with respect to that spot. 55:29.370 --> 55:31.830 So we call it geostationary. 55:31.830 --> 55:32.610 It is orbiting. 55:32.610 --> 55:37.610 It's going three kilometers per second, but it's orbiting at the same rate that the Earth rotates. 55:37.610 --> 55:42.690 So that gives me that perception of it being always over the same spot. 55:42.690 --> 55:49.430 It's orbiting exactly the same rate at which the Earth is rotating, which is why it seems to hover over that same spot. 55:49.430 --> 55:51.010 But it's going three kilometers per second. 55:51.010 --> 55:53.010 It's not hovering by any means. 55:53.190 --> 55:58.770 So those different ground tracks give me different opportunities to access the different orbits. 55:58.810 --> 56:00.010 So here's an example. 56:00.010 --> 56:02.410 This is the actual International Space Station. 56:02.670 --> 56:05.890 You can see it going around in orbit, its ground track. 56:06.110 --> 56:10.030 And so you can see the trace it makes on the globe and then the ground track. 56:10.030 --> 56:12.530 So it has an inclination of 51.6 degrees. 56:13.210 --> 56:16.530 That's because they had to launch pieces of it out of Russia. 56:16.970 --> 56:22.850 And the lowest inclination Russia could reach was 51.6 because they launched from Baikonur in Kazakhstan. 56:23.930 --> 56:28.570 Would have been easier for us if it had been launched everything from Florida, but that's another story. 56:28.870 --> 56:30.650 So that's our ground track. 56:30.650 --> 56:32.390 This is the International Space Station. 56:33.490 --> 56:34.310 This is what... 56:34.310 --> 56:35.130 Oh, go ahead. 56:35.130 --> 56:36.490 Can I ask a question about that? 56:36.490 --> 56:41.250 So is it because you're closer to the equator, you get more spin from the Earth? 56:41.250 --> 56:42.670 Is that why Florida is better? 56:42.690 --> 56:47.150 Well, yes, that's a short answer. 56:47.590 --> 56:56.910 So when we were launching everything from the shuttle, if we were to launch due east from Florida, we get maximum effect of the Earth's rotation. 56:56.910 --> 57:05.750 But because we had to launch from Florida into 51 degrees, which means we had to go somewhat northeast, we lost capability. 57:06.370 --> 57:15.250 And they ended up having to completely redesign the external tank of the shuttle to remove 8,000 pounds of weight so that they could get the stuff into orbit. 57:15.250 --> 57:19.310 It's quite a heroic tale we could go into offline. 57:19.310 --> 57:20.570 But it all came... 57:21.090 --> 57:22.270 It's amazing. 57:22.270 --> 57:26.590 So politics drove orbital mechanics, which drove technology. 57:26.590 --> 57:27.990 It was pretty amazing. 57:27.990 --> 57:30.350 But that's the way the world works sometimes. 57:30.630 --> 57:32.430 But yeah, great question. 57:33.690 --> 57:36.370 So here's our geostationary satellites. 57:36.370 --> 57:40.010 So what you'll notice here, a couple of things. 57:40.010 --> 57:43.650 One geostationary satellite cannot see the entire Earth. 57:44.090 --> 57:50.230 In fact, to cover the entire equator, you need three satellites, and then you get overlapping coverage. 57:50.330 --> 57:55.930 But a geostationary satellite can only see up to about 70 or 80 degrees latitude. 57:56.190 --> 58:03.230 So you end up with this triangle on the North Pole and the South Pole that a satellite from GEO cannot see. 58:03.230 --> 58:08.890 Or said another way, if I'm on the North Pole, I can't talk to a satellite in geostationary orbit. 58:08.890 --> 58:16.710 So if you have a direct TV dish, and you're planning to move into the North Pole to visit Santa Claus, don't take your TV dish with you. 58:16.710 --> 58:20.310 I don't know what Santa Claus does, but you cannot get direct TV. 58:20.730 --> 58:27.510 So for the most part, we don't care, because there's not that many... nobody lives up there anyway. 58:27.510 --> 58:31.390 However, there are military missions that do care. 58:31.390 --> 58:39.450 And then we all use a different orbit called ammonia orbit or highly elliptical orbit that can cover those high latitude regions. 58:39.610 --> 58:42.150 But I didn't include an example of that. 58:42.150 --> 58:43.890 But if you want to talk about that, we can. 58:45.550 --> 58:47.350 So quick overview then. 58:47.350 --> 58:48.390 This is orbital mechanics. 58:48.390 --> 58:52.910 There's how we calculate some of those things. 58:52.910 --> 58:58.910 I had to put in a second order nonlinear vector differential equation just to see if anybody was paying attention. 58:59.170 --> 59:02.950 But a little bit here of how we solve that equation. 59:02.950 --> 59:05.550 We can talk about in more detail if you want in the break. 59:06.510 --> 59:10.390 But I want to get to operations and then we'll pull up our poll. 59:10.390 --> 59:17.090 So remember, we have these things called mission operation systems, which are all the people, processes, and things need to do missions. 59:17.090 --> 59:23.110 So we have manufacturing, launch, and things like our mission control center, which you're used to seeing on TV. 59:23.530 --> 59:30.970 And then we have our communication architectures, which are all those links that move the data around. 59:30.970 --> 59:33.670 I said space is all about moving the data. 59:33.670 --> 59:37.650 So I have ground stations and control centers and I have relay satellites. 59:37.650 --> 59:40.370 All that's happening to help me move the data. 59:40.390 --> 59:42.830 And I have various methods of doing that. 59:42.830 --> 59:46.630 So there are various networks for helping move that data. 59:46.630 --> 59:53.630 So on the top, we see the Air Force Satellite Control Network, which I guess could now be called the Space Force Satellite Control Network. 59:53.630 --> 59:55.130 I'll never be able to say that. 59:55.590 --> 01:00:00.010 And it has sites all around the world they use for talking to satellites. 01:00:00.010 --> 01:00:05.370 They talk to, what, about 450 different satellites a day, if I recall. 01:00:06.150 --> 01:00:07.750 That's the Air Force network. 01:00:07.750 --> 01:00:09.010 There's a Navy network. 01:00:09.010 --> 01:00:09.970 There's an Army network. 01:00:09.970 --> 01:00:11.630 There are commercial networks. 01:00:11.630 --> 01:00:14.110 There's a commercial network called Universal Space Network. 01:00:14.110 --> 01:00:19.790 And they have sites all over the world that you can rent, basically, by the minute to talk to your satellite. 01:00:20.210 --> 01:00:23.310 Then NASA has a deep space network you see there on the bottom. 01:00:23.950 --> 01:00:27.530 They have three sites in California, Madrid, and Australia. 01:00:27.530 --> 01:00:36.730 And then NASA has something called the Tracking Data Relay Satellite Systems, which are satellites in geostationary orbit that are used to talk to satellites in low-Earth orbit. 01:00:36.730 --> 01:00:42.470 So if you see video coming from the International Space Station, it's probably coming through TDRS. 01:00:42.470 --> 01:00:44.350 So that's how they relay data. 01:00:44.350 --> 01:00:47.730 So all of that represents really critical infrastructure. 01:00:47.930 --> 01:00:50.070 Without those, you can't run your mission. 01:00:50.070 --> 01:00:55.350 You got to have those to talk to your satellite and your satellite to talk to you. 01:00:55.350 --> 01:00:58.250 So those are important parts of the problem here. 01:00:58.250 --> 01:01:02.230 And then we have various operational activities we have to accomplish. 01:01:02.230 --> 01:01:05.370 So there's nine different activities shown in this cartoon. 01:01:05.530 --> 01:01:08.950 The one you're probably most used to thinking about is flight control. 01:01:08.950 --> 01:01:14.750 You see upper right there, you see people sitting at a console, you know, with a headset on, you know, managing the mission. 01:01:15.030 --> 01:01:17.470 But that's really just the tip of the iceberg, right? 01:01:17.470 --> 01:01:19.450 You have people doing planning. 01:01:19.450 --> 01:01:21.230 You have people moving the data. 01:01:21.230 --> 01:01:27.750 You have people doing tracking, maintenance and support, spacecraft support, mission data archiving, all that, right? 01:01:27.750 --> 01:01:32.570 All of these are things that happen to make operations effective. 01:01:32.730 --> 01:01:36.310 And a key part of that is that mission data delivery and data processing, right? 01:01:36.310 --> 01:01:38.950 Because it's all about moving the ones and zeros. 01:01:38.950 --> 01:01:41.610 And these are expensive ones and zeros, right? 01:01:41.610 --> 01:01:46.770 If I'm collecting data on what's happening on Mars, that's cost me a lot of money to get that data. 01:01:46.770 --> 01:01:48.290 So I want to get that data. 01:01:48.290 --> 01:01:52.970 So I have to have the data generators in space and then have the data analyzers on the ground. 01:01:52.970 --> 01:01:57.650 And we need to make sure we have the tools in place to do that. 01:01:58.090 --> 01:02:03.530 And we have a lot of trade-offs to make in terms of what we do in operations planning. 01:02:03.530 --> 01:02:08.150 On one hand, we'd love satellites to just take care of themselves, be 100% autonomous. 01:02:08.190 --> 01:02:11.870 On the other hand, we maybe have invested a billion dollars in that satellite. 01:02:11.870 --> 01:02:17.990 We don't really want it to just go wandering around the solar system on its own, you know, without supervision. 01:02:17.990 --> 01:02:23.910 So there's a trade between spacecraft autonomy and how many people we have on the ground. 01:02:23.930 --> 01:02:25.750 And people on the ground are expensive. 01:02:25.750 --> 01:02:31.850 For every person you have sitting in a seat on a console, you probably had to hire five people. 01:02:32.050 --> 01:02:38.970 Because by the time you, you know, have three shifts a day and then people take vacations and they need training, you know, it adds up. 01:02:38.970 --> 01:02:44.310 So for long-term missions, more than half your mission cost can be in operations. 01:02:44.570 --> 01:02:45.750 Was there a question? 01:02:49.920 --> 01:02:50.800 Okay. 01:02:51.260 --> 01:02:53.380 And then, of course, anomaly response, right? 01:02:53.380 --> 01:03:01.500 So if I have a CubeSat that I built, you know, a university built and it has a problem, you know, I can get around to fixing it next week and nobody's going to care that much. 01:03:01.520 --> 01:03:07.760 But if GPS has a problem, I probably need to fix it right now because we've got, you know, the whole world to pay on. 01:03:07.760 --> 01:03:18.920 So that and, you know, understanding the state of health and understanding the new hardware and software that I'm flying are all parts of the trade-offs I have to do in mission operations. 01:03:19.600 --> 01:03:27.280 So here are the key tasks again, just as a review of what we have to do in mission operations, there's nine key tasks and the trade-offs that go with that. 01:03:27.340 --> 01:03:31.300 And then these are the takeaways from a cybersecurity lens. 01:03:31.300 --> 01:03:34.420 First of all, you know, getting to space is hard, right? 01:03:34.420 --> 01:03:36.720 Eight kilometers per second, not easy. 01:03:36.940 --> 01:03:46.540 Orbital mechanics inherently limits some of the things we can and can't do for space operations and when you can even get an opportunity to talk to the satellite. 01:03:46.720 --> 01:03:50.400 And finally, there's a lot of things going on in mission operations. 01:03:50.400 --> 01:03:53.740 And that creates a fairly large attack surface. 01:03:54.080 --> 01:04:00.900 You know, again, people, processes, and things that I can get into often spread all over the world that I have to be concerned about. 01:04:00.900 --> 01:04:07.600 So all of these are important things for us to consider from a cybersecurity and cyberspace lens. 01:04:08.340 --> 01:04:12.560 I had a question here, does translation introduce significant orbital effects? 01:04:12.560 --> 01:04:14.580 What do you mean by translation? 01:04:16.780 --> 01:04:19.460 IRPIN, I don't know how you say your name there. 01:04:22.020 --> 01:04:25.140 Can you clarify what you mean by translation in your question? 01:04:31.020 --> 01:04:33.760 I'll have to come back to that again. 01:04:33.760 --> 01:04:37.780 So it's in the chat, you say, does translation introduce significant orbital effects? 01:04:37.780 --> 01:04:39.360 I don't really do that. 01:04:39.360 --> 01:04:40.600 Oh, no, you're still there. 01:04:40.780 --> 01:04:44.120 IRPIN, if you can, sorry, the Earth's moving around the sun. 01:04:46.980 --> 01:04:56.520 No, the Earth is, you know, if I'm in orbit around the sun, the fact the Earth is moving around the sun does not create any orbital effects on the orbit itself. 01:04:56.520 --> 01:05:02.020 Now, the sun can have an impact, gravitational impact on my spacecraft. 01:05:02.020 --> 01:05:04.700 We call that a gravitational perturbation. 01:05:04.760 --> 01:05:06.020 The moon as well. 01:05:06.020 --> 01:05:17.620 So if you see out of geostationary orbit, we have these sun-moon effects that actually impact the spacecraft's ability to stay within the box that's been assigned. 01:05:17.620 --> 01:05:29.160 And so you have to spend a little bit of energy every year to stay within your box, because if you just leave it alone, the sun and the moon will start to move you outside the box. 01:05:29.160 --> 01:05:30.900 And we don't want to be outside the box. 01:05:30.900 --> 01:05:32.880 We spend a little energy to do that. 01:05:35.260 --> 01:05:37.340 So Matt asked about CubeSat. 01:05:37.340 --> 01:05:46.420 So CubeSat was a standard that was invented about 20 years ago by some folks out at Stanford and Cal Poly. 01:05:47.080 --> 01:05:50.300 And these guys, and they're still in business today. 01:05:50.300 --> 01:05:51.620 I know the guys. 01:05:51.620 --> 01:05:58.480 They just decided one day that they were going to define a CubeSat to be 10 by 10 by 10 centimeters. 01:05:58.480 --> 01:06:02.560 They just said, okay, 10 is a nice round number in centimeters. 01:06:02.920 --> 01:06:05.060 And so that became a CubeSat standard. 01:06:05.060 --> 01:06:09.020 Of course, that's a 1U CubeSat, 10 by 10 by 10. 01:06:09.020 --> 01:06:12.360 And you can make 2U, 3U, 9U. 01:06:12.360 --> 01:06:16.300 People are doing 26U, at which point you become stupid. 01:06:16.580 --> 01:06:26.340 But the nice thing is what happened, it became kind of a self-licking ice cream cone in that this became a standard size satellite for a tiny little satellite. 01:06:26.340 --> 01:06:28.900 And people then created abilities to launch those. 01:06:28.900 --> 01:06:37.440 And so now if you want to launch a satellite, there are a number of companies that will launch CubeSats for you as long as you follow the CubeSat standard. 01:06:37.440 --> 01:06:42.440 And it's usually 1, 2, or 3U is the most common that you see. 01:06:42.440 --> 01:06:47.480 And if you stick to that standard, then folks like NanoRacks can get you launched in six months. 01:06:47.480 --> 01:06:50.500 And the cost is getting down to the point that it's... 01:06:50.500 --> 01:06:53.880 that literally high schools are launching their own satellites. 01:06:54.580 --> 01:07:03.080 So it's... and that... it makes, of course, now we have this massive proliferation of small satellites, which creates other problems that we'll talk about. 01:07:03.080 --> 01:07:11.280 It's really lowered the barrier to entry for a lot of organizations and countries and even schools to build their own satellites. 01:07:11.280 --> 01:07:15.500 And that's obviously a good and a bad thing, depending on who you ask. 01:07:15.820 --> 01:07:18.160 Did that answer your question, Matt, on that? 01:07:18.160 --> 01:07:19.480 Yeah, yeah, it did. 01:07:19.480 --> 01:07:21.300 How much... you said it was getting cheap. 01:07:21.300 --> 01:07:23.200 How much does it cost to actually launch one? 01:07:23.900 --> 01:07:28.180 Launch, I think last time I checked for about a 1U. 01:07:28.360 --> 01:07:32.100 And, you know, there's a lot of it depends when it comes to the price tag. 01:07:32.100 --> 01:07:36.540 It was in the $50,000 to $100,000 range, I want to say. 01:07:37.920 --> 01:07:48.060 And the CubeSat itself, you want to build one that will actually work for, you know, more than a day, you're going to end up spending $100,000, probably anyway. 01:07:48.580 --> 01:07:55.560 So, yeah, a couple hundred K, you can get a reasonable CubeSat with a payload that actually can do something. 01:07:56.660 --> 01:08:02.620 Which, you know, from millions to hundreds of thousands is pretty good. 01:08:03.040 --> 01:08:06.220 And you can, from somebody, you might be able to do it cheap. 01:08:06.220 --> 01:08:08.480 That's if you actually wanted to do something. 01:08:08.480 --> 01:08:12.100 If you just want to build a toy, you can go cheaper than that. 01:08:12.100 --> 01:08:15.780 But people are usually going to go to the trouble, they kind of want it to work. 01:08:17.120 --> 01:08:18.960 That was cool, thank you, that was perfect. 01:08:19.520 --> 01:08:22.440 All right, let's pull up the poll here. 01:08:25.670 --> 01:08:27.050 Let me launch the poll. 01:08:27.050 --> 01:08:32.190 While I launch the poll, if anybody has any other questions, I guess that's some good ones there. 01:08:34.810 --> 01:08:42.210 So go ahead and answer the poll and then we'll, if you don't have any other questions, we'll start up in about five minutes. 01:08:42.210 --> 01:08:44.970 So take the poll, take a stretch. 01:08:45.350 --> 01:08:49.590 And then when we come back, we're going to focus on threats. 01:08:49.590 --> 01:08:54.970 So we'll look at the natural environment and the human environment in terms of threats. 01:08:54.970 --> 01:08:59.510 So if you thought you wanted to be an astronaut, be ready to be disappointed. 01:08:59.830 --> 01:09:00.730 Any questions? 01:09:00.730 --> 01:09:01.790 Is there a question? 01:09:06.680 --> 01:09:11.420 All right, so we'll start up again in a minute or two. 01:10:58.100 --> 01:11:02.780 All right, getting there with all the poll answers. 01:11:02.780 --> 01:11:07.740 I'll just give you another minute or so and then we'll review that and then start into our next topic. 01:11:38.350 --> 01:11:40.350 All right, let's see where we ended up. 01:11:40.350 --> 01:11:46.310 All right , so how fast you need to be going? 01:11:46.530 --> 01:11:48.610 Eight kilometers per second. 01:11:48.610 --> 01:11:51.150 Not 8,000 kilometers per second, that'd be pretty dang fast. 01:11:51.350 --> 01:11:53.210 Not the speed of light for sure. 01:11:54.010 --> 01:11:58.410 The speed of light is how fast you'd have to be going to go into orbit around a black hole. 01:11:59.030 --> 01:12:03.670 But to orbit the Earth, you only need to go on eight kilometers per second. 01:12:05.610 --> 01:12:09.710 Can you see any ALEO satellite from any spot on Earth at any time? 01:12:09.710 --> 01:12:11.430 No, no, you can't. 01:12:11.430 --> 01:12:18.510 So again, the key there was low Earth orbit satellite because low is pretty low, as we're going to see. 01:12:19.150 --> 01:12:25.870 And so you can only see it certain times of the day, maybe only a couple of times a day, depending on where you are. 01:12:27.150 --> 01:12:30.250 A geostationary satellite definitely cannot see every spot on Earth. 01:12:30.250 --> 01:12:35.850 You can only see about a third or so of the Earth at any given time, not even quite a third. 01:12:36.310 --> 01:12:41.410 So that means we need multiple geosatellites to provide full coverage. 01:12:42.090 --> 01:12:49.650 So if a bad guy wants an opportunity to covertly contact your satellite, they're going to have to wait until that satellite passes over them. 01:12:49.650 --> 01:12:56.490 Now they could bounce something through another ground station anywhere. 01:12:56.930 --> 01:13:01.750 But if I'm trying to do it directly, I have to wait for it to pass overhead. 01:13:01.910 --> 01:13:05.510 And then opportunities to threaten space ops, all of the above. 01:13:05.510 --> 01:13:06.350 Everybody got that. 01:13:06.350 --> 01:13:11.170 So pretty big threat surface there that we have to concern ourselves with. 01:13:12.050 --> 01:13:13.350 So good stuff. 01:13:13.630 --> 01:13:14.490 All right. 01:13:17.710 --> 01:13:20.370 So who wants to be an astronaut here? 01:13:25.120 --> 01:13:26.840 Who wants to be an astronaut? 01:13:29.640 --> 01:13:32.500 What if I could just... you didn't have to go through all the training. 01:13:32.500 --> 01:13:34.140 I would just get you into space. 01:13:34.180 --> 01:13:35.460 Yeah, sounds great. 01:13:37.240 --> 01:13:38.440 All right. 01:13:39.280 --> 01:13:44.060 Well, after we go through this section, let's see if that's still the case. 01:13:44.060 --> 01:13:49.320 All right, so here we're going to look at threats. 01:13:49.320 --> 01:13:51.840 We're going to look at natural threats and man-made threats. 01:13:52.060 --> 01:13:55.320 As we're going to see, the natural threats are bad enough. 01:13:55.400 --> 01:13:59.880 And we don't need to give me human threats because we've got enough to deal with, it turns out. 01:14:00.000 --> 01:14:02.720 So we want to look at both kinds, though. 01:14:03.140 --> 01:14:12.680 And the natural threats especially are important because about a quarter of all anomalies in spacecraft experience are a direct result of the natural environment. 01:14:12.680 --> 01:14:20.220 So you can read all the different things that have happened over the years to different satellites because of the natural environment. 01:14:21.540 --> 01:14:25.560 There was a radiation storm that affected the STEREO satellites. 01:14:26.360 --> 01:14:32.920 There was a coronal mass ejection that impacted the Dawn satellite when it was orbiting Ceres. 01:14:33.780 --> 01:14:42.240 The Galaxy 15 one is interesting because, again, this was having to do with electrostatic discharge because of a solar flare. 01:14:42.260 --> 01:14:44.620 And that satellite lost its mind. 01:14:45.080 --> 01:14:49.680 It was wandering around geostationary orbit out of control. 01:14:49.680 --> 01:14:54.320 Some people on the ground could not send it any commands, but it was broadcasting. 01:14:54.320 --> 01:14:56.720 It was on and it was broadcasting. 01:14:56.720 --> 01:15:01.080 So it was interfering both physically and RF to other satellites. 01:15:01.080 --> 01:15:05.620 Other satellites had to actually get out of the way of it. 01:15:06.400 --> 01:15:17.600 And then eventually, it kind of accidentally pointed away from the sun and the battery discharged and it did kind of a control-alt-delete and reset itself. 01:15:17.600 --> 01:15:18.920 And then it was fine. 01:15:18.920 --> 01:15:21.900 So that was a crazy one. 01:15:22.000 --> 01:15:28.660 And then this animation in the top here, you see an impact of this is a collision between two satellites. 01:15:28.660 --> 01:15:31.080 One is a dead satellite, one is a live satellite. 01:15:31.300 --> 01:15:33.860 And that caused a whole bunch of debris. 01:15:33.860 --> 01:15:38.860 So these are all just issues that come up because of the space environment. 01:15:39.680 --> 01:15:43.160 Because space is dangerous, and you got a lot to worry about up there. 01:16:15.410 --> 01:16:17.470 So no beans on the space station. 01:16:17.470 --> 01:16:18.470 Just keep that in mind. 01:16:18.470 --> 01:16:20.490 Don't fart in a space suit. 01:16:20.950 --> 01:16:22.810 But so where's space? 01:16:22.810 --> 01:16:25.210 It turns out space is not very far away. 01:16:25.490 --> 01:16:29.190 So about 100 kilometers, 60 miles straight up, if you could drive straight up. 01:16:29.730 --> 01:16:37.090 There's something called the carbon line that kind of defines, you know, a generally accepted beginning of space. 01:16:37.090 --> 01:16:41.950 But there really is no internationally defined exactly where space begins. 01:16:42.310 --> 01:16:47.070 In fact, if you're only at 100 kilometers, you couldn't stay in orbit because there's just too much drag. 01:16:47.210 --> 01:16:53.290 I need to be at least another 20 miles further before you can even have a hope of staying in orbit very long. 01:16:53.290 --> 01:16:55.390 And really, you want to be even higher than that. 01:16:56.020 --> 01:17:05.130 So if any of you bought your tickets to ride on Virgin Galactic, I guess it's going to be early next year now, 200,000 bucks, you're going to get a ride to space. 01:17:05.190 --> 01:17:08.090 And they're going to define space as 100 kilometers. 01:17:08.090 --> 01:17:12.030 So you're not going to go into orbit, you're going to go up and come down. 01:17:12.190 --> 01:17:15.950 But hey, 200,000 bucks, you know, trillionaires, there you go. 01:17:15.950 --> 01:17:17.490 So space isn't that far away. 01:17:17.490 --> 01:17:24.330 So if you imagine the Earth were the size of a peach, the International Space Station is just above the fuzz. 01:17:24.330 --> 01:17:26.810 So the fuzz represents the atmosphere. 01:17:26.810 --> 01:17:28.150 It's just a little fuzz. 01:17:28.290 --> 01:17:29.670 And we're not that high up. 01:17:29.670 --> 01:17:31.270 I mean, we're like right there. 01:17:31.270 --> 01:17:35.270 In fact, it's not even a scale in that picture because it's too hard to draw it that close. 01:17:35.710 --> 01:17:37.350 Really, really, really close. 01:17:38.850 --> 01:17:40.270 That's to get to space. 01:17:40.270 --> 01:17:43.070 Now, once I get in space, space is really, really, really big. 01:17:43.070 --> 01:17:49.650 You know, so to try to put those distances in perspective, we tried to put some things to scale here. 01:17:49.650 --> 01:17:56.410 So imagine the sun were the size of a house, then the Earth is the size of a baseball. 01:17:56.410 --> 01:18:03.010 So roughly what, about 8 centimeters or so in diameter, 10 centimeters in diameter. 01:18:03.350 --> 01:18:07.810 But it's 1.2 kilometers away or, you know, three-fourths of a mile away. 01:18:07.810 --> 01:18:09.710 That's how far away we are from the sun. 01:18:09.710 --> 01:18:13.890 And the moon is the size of a large marble, about an inch in diameter. 01:18:13.890 --> 01:18:17.050 And it's 10 feet away or three meters away. 01:18:17.050 --> 01:18:23.490 And this is the one I have trouble wrapping my head around because, you know, you look at the moon at night, it seems closer than that. 01:18:23.490 --> 01:18:25.470 It seems bigger than that. 01:18:25.470 --> 01:18:30.430 But it's really just optical illusion and how our brain processes stuff. 01:18:30.470 --> 01:18:38.310 So the moon, you know, get a baseball and a marble out sometime and pace off the distance and you'll just, you won't believe it, but it's true. 01:18:38.350 --> 01:18:42.230 I've re-ran the numbers many times and that's how it works out. 01:18:42.970 --> 01:18:47.890 And then you go to Pluto and Pluto is, you know, 20, almost 30 miles away. 01:18:47.890 --> 01:18:51.850 And again, about the size of a marble, 30 miles away from the sun. 01:18:51.850 --> 01:18:58.750 So, you know, the size of the solar system is a little hard for us to grasp really. 01:18:58.750 --> 01:19:01.430 So huge distances involved here. 01:19:02.010 --> 01:19:07.330 But once I get out to those distances, once I'm out there in space, there's a lot of nasty stuff I have to worry about. 01:19:07.330 --> 01:19:09.850 So there's six main things that we worry about. 01:19:09.850 --> 01:19:18.290 Gravitational environment, the atmosphere or lack thereof and being in a vacuum, the debris environment, and then radiation and charged particles. 01:19:18.290 --> 01:19:20.950 So I'm not going to say much about the gravitational environment. 01:19:20.950 --> 01:19:25.610 That tends to be a bigger issue for fluid handling and especially for humans. 01:19:25.950 --> 01:19:31.250 But we're going to focus on the things that are the biggest threats to spacecraft, which are all the other things. 01:19:32.070 --> 01:19:36.190 So let's start with atmosphere, drag, and atomic oxygen. 01:19:36.190 --> 01:19:42.230 In low Earth orbit, there's still a little bit of drag, and there's still a little bit of atmosphere that's going to slow me down. 01:19:43.590 --> 01:19:46.330 The atmosphere basically is like friction. 01:19:46.770 --> 01:19:50.250 When I'm starting a spacecraft, it's going to rob energy from my orbit. 01:19:50.250 --> 01:19:53.570 Remember I said the bigger the orbit, the more energy. 01:19:53.790 --> 01:19:56.690 So if I take energy out of the orbit, the orbit gets smaller. 01:19:56.910 --> 01:19:58.150 We're getting smaller. 01:19:58.150 --> 01:20:01.690 Eventually it gets so small that I re-enter the atmosphere completely. 01:20:02.090 --> 01:20:05.830 That atmosphere decreases exponentially with altitude. 01:20:05.830 --> 01:20:12.230 Come visit us here in Colorado and get off the plane, and you'll know immediately that the atmosphere has decreased a bit from sea level. 01:20:12.570 --> 01:20:15.070 The atmosphere doesn't go completely away ever. 01:20:15.070 --> 01:20:18.610 Well, not ever, but it goes up to... 01:20:18.610 --> 01:20:26.470 NASA detected molecules of the atmosphere up to about out by the moon, but those are like molecules they detected. 01:20:27.190 --> 01:20:33.250 So in terms of low Earth orbit, we use 600 kilometers as kind of a rough rule of thumb. 01:20:33.250 --> 01:20:41.550 In other words, if we're below about 600 kilometers, then atmosphere drag is something we probably have to worry about. 01:20:41.570 --> 01:20:45.290 If we're above 600, then probably it's nothing we need to worry about. 01:20:45.390 --> 01:20:48.150 But again, it's not hard and fast, it's just roughly. 01:20:48.450 --> 01:20:55.450 Because when I look at that drag equation there on the left, the drag that I get from a satellite depends on a number of things. 01:20:55.450 --> 01:21:04.350 One of the things it depends on is the velocity, how fast I'm going, the drag coefficient, basically the shape, and then the cross-sectional area of the spacecraft. 01:21:04.350 --> 01:21:06.010 So I know most of those things. 01:21:06.010 --> 01:21:12.290 What I don't know very well is the density, because that density of the atmosphere changes day and night. 01:21:12.290 --> 01:21:19.030 It changes with season, it changes with latitude, and it changes based on what mood the sun happens to be in. 01:21:19.130 --> 01:21:26.950 And the sun goes through these 11-year cycles of moods, at least as long as we've been watching it, which isn't that long, really. 01:21:26.950 --> 01:21:30.210 But so far, it's 11 years as far as we can tell. 01:21:30.210 --> 01:21:34.110 And we're actually just coming off the latest solar minimum. 01:21:34.110 --> 01:21:39.930 So the sun is always putting out these charged particles I'm going to talk about, and we call the solar wind. 01:21:39.930 --> 01:21:42.850 So these charged particles are always coming out from the sun. 01:21:43.150 --> 01:21:46.450 And think of that as a constant breeze coming from the sun. 01:21:46.450 --> 01:21:50.730 But the sun is going to get more active, less active over this 11-year cycle. 01:21:50.730 --> 01:21:58.230 Right now, we're just coming off the solar min, about ready to start back into the next high part of the cycle. 01:21:59.010 --> 01:22:04.330 When the sun is not very active, the atmosphere contracts, which means there's less drag. 01:22:04.330 --> 01:22:08.650 When the sun is fairly active, the atmosphere expands, which means there's more drag. 01:22:08.650 --> 01:22:11.590 So we've been going through a period of relatively low drag. 01:22:11.590 --> 01:22:16.870 We're starting our period of relatively high drag over the next six to eight years. 01:22:17.770 --> 01:22:27.590 In addition, when UV light hits oxygen molecules in the upper atmosphere, they break apart into atomic oxygen. 01:22:27.590 --> 01:22:32.370 Individual atoms of oxygen, which are very reactive. 01:22:32.450 --> 01:22:35.070 Oxygen by itself, as you know, is very reactive. 01:22:35.070 --> 01:22:36.790 That's why things rust. 01:22:36.950 --> 01:22:42.730 But when I have atomic oxygen, it's even more reactive, and that can cause damage to the surface of your satellite. 01:22:42.790 --> 01:22:45.230 So these are issues of simply the atmosphere. 01:22:45.350 --> 01:22:48.530 Again, generally issues below about 600 kilometers. 01:22:48.530 --> 01:22:50.770 The International Space Station is at 400 kilometers. 01:22:50.770 --> 01:22:52.950 So yeah, it has to worry about this stuff. 01:22:52.950 --> 01:23:01.030 If we didn't do anything to the International Space Station, at solar maximum, the International Space Station would re-enter in about three months. 01:23:01.410 --> 01:23:05.290 At solar minimum, which is where we've been, it'll re-enter in a couple of years. 01:23:05.330 --> 01:23:09.910 But it's a big difference between maximum and minimum in terms of how that impacts drag. 01:23:10.830 --> 01:23:12.770 But for the most part, space sucks. 01:23:12.770 --> 01:23:13.710 We're in a vacuum. 01:23:13.710 --> 01:23:16.370 Because we're in a vacuum, we have other things to worry about. 01:23:16.410 --> 01:23:18.650 One of the things we have to worry about is called outgassing. 01:23:18.650 --> 01:23:23.950 So if you have a soda bottle, you shake up the soda bottle and open up the top, you're going to hear the fizz. 01:23:23.950 --> 01:23:24.770 Well, what's happening? 01:23:25.330 --> 01:23:28.650 You're releasing pressure and the gas is escaping. 01:23:28.650 --> 01:23:33.710 So the dissolved gas in the liquid is escaping because of the released pressure. 01:23:33.710 --> 01:23:36.550 Same thing can happen in space with materials. 01:23:36.550 --> 01:23:47.810 So if I have polymers or adhesives or anything like that, they tend to, during manufacturing, they'll have alcohols and other volatiles that'll get stored in there. 01:23:47.810 --> 01:23:50.210 When I release the pressure, those things will come off. 01:23:50.210 --> 01:23:52.630 We call that outgassing. 01:23:54.090 --> 01:24:00.910 And in space, there's one really important law that governs everything we do, and that's called Murphy's Law. 01:24:01.190 --> 01:24:03.050 If you're from England, it's called Sod's Law. 01:24:03.050 --> 01:24:04.170 Don't ask me why they're different. 01:24:04.170 --> 01:24:08.490 But the laws are different, the guy's different, the law's the same. 01:24:08.490 --> 01:24:13.710 And Murphy's or Sod's Law says that anything that can happen will happen at the worst possible time. 01:24:13.710 --> 01:24:23.850 And the corollary to that in space for outgassing is that outgassing will go wherever you don't want it to go, which is probably on the surface of your mirror or sensor or things like that. 01:24:23.850 --> 01:24:29.730 We also worry about offgassing inside where the crew lives, because the crew has to smell everything. 01:24:29.730 --> 01:24:33.750 You know, if you ever bought a new car, then a car smells like a new car. 01:24:33.750 --> 01:24:35.230 Well, what's new car smell? 01:24:35.230 --> 01:24:37.810 It's outgassing plastic, right? 01:24:37.810 --> 01:24:41.050 Now in your car, you simply roll down the window and you don't have to smell it anymore. 01:24:41.050 --> 01:24:46.530 But if I'm at the International Space Station and I have a smell like that, I can't roll down the window, right? 01:24:46.530 --> 01:24:48.270 There's not, that's not going to work for me. 01:24:48.290 --> 01:24:51.310 So that becomes a hazard for astronauts. 01:24:51.310 --> 01:24:56.850 They want to make sure they don't have anything smelly like that, meaning they'll off-gas plastics or things like that. 01:24:56.910 --> 01:24:58.970 We can also get cold welding in a vacuum. 01:24:58.970 --> 01:25:05.790 This is where two pieces of metal can literally get fused together because we get a weak molecular bond between the two pieces. 01:25:06.070 --> 01:25:18.950 We can get tin whiskers that can form on tin solder, which is why we like to have a bit of lead in the solder so we don't do that in space because that crystallization can cause a failure of solder joints. 01:25:18.950 --> 01:25:24.790 And probably the most problematic thing for being in a vacuum in space has to do with heat transfer. 01:25:24.810 --> 01:25:28.610 There are three ways to move heat, convection, conduction, radiation. 01:25:30.370 --> 01:25:35.330 Convection is what's keeping you cool here in your room, air blowing around you. 01:25:35.830 --> 01:25:39.770 Conduction, you feel when you stir your coffee with a metal spoon. 01:25:39.770 --> 01:25:43.970 And then radiation is what you feel when you actually feel the heat coming off a fire. 01:25:43.970 --> 01:25:47.050 Well, in a vacuum, I can't conduct anything. 01:25:47.050 --> 01:25:49.530 I don't have any air blowing around me. 01:25:50.070 --> 01:25:56.190 So the only way heat's getting in and the only way heat's getting out of my satellite is through radiation. 01:25:56.430 --> 01:26:03.270 So you see on the right there, the bottom right, you see the radiator panels on the International Space Station. 01:26:03.270 --> 01:26:04.990 So they use ammonia loops. 01:26:04.990 --> 01:26:13.650 So the ammonia flows around where the astronauts live, carries the heat, goes through those panels where it is radiated into space. 01:26:13.650 --> 01:26:18.870 And then it cools off the ammonia, and then the ammonia does another trip back through where the astronauts live. 01:26:18.870 --> 01:26:28.930 So we do testing in space using these chambers you see at the top, a thermal vacuum chamber, to make sure we know how things will behave, spacecraft will behave when we get up there into space. 01:26:29.410 --> 01:26:34.970 So that thing on the front of your car that cools your engine, what's that called? 01:26:38.310 --> 01:26:41.870 What do you call that thing in the front of your engine that cools your engine? 01:26:42.950 --> 01:26:43.690 Radiator. 01:26:43.810 --> 01:26:44.690 Radiator. 01:26:44.690 --> 01:26:46.650 How does it cool your engine? 01:26:49.290 --> 01:26:50.750 Heat transfer. 01:26:50.930 --> 01:26:55.510 Yeah, convective heat transfer, not radiative heat transfer. 01:26:55.510 --> 01:26:57.750 That thing should be called a convector. 01:26:57.750 --> 01:27:02.790 I'm on a campaign to change its name, because I'm tired of people calling it a radiator . 01:27:02.790 --> 01:27:04.430 It's a convector, right? 01:27:04.430 --> 01:27:09.870 You're pumping fluid around the engine block, and then air blows over the vanes and cools the fluid. 01:27:09.870 --> 01:27:11.350 That is not radiation. 01:27:11.350 --> 01:27:13.110 That is convection, my friend. 01:27:13.550 --> 01:27:18.830 By the next time you go by, make sure you buy the convector fluid, not the radiator fluid. 01:27:18.830 --> 01:27:21.870 It's a little more expensive, but it's more precise. 01:27:21.990 --> 01:27:25.870 Anyway, so that's an issue with being in a vacuum. 01:27:26.110 --> 01:27:29.050 Another issue being in space is all the junk. 01:27:29.090 --> 01:27:31.410 So here's the history of the junk. 01:29:21.780 --> 01:29:25.220 It's important to note that each of those little blobs are not to scale. 01:29:26.580 --> 01:29:30.440 So we're up to 20,000 objects. 01:29:30.460 --> 01:29:33.040 In space that we're currently tracking. 01:29:33.040 --> 01:29:35.120 So this is the box score. 01:29:35.120 --> 01:29:38.520 This comes out quarterly, so this is the last one that came out. 01:29:38.520 --> 01:29:40.840 So we're just over 20,000 objects. 01:29:41.960 --> 01:29:43.800 Nancy, that's from AGI. 01:29:43.800 --> 01:29:45.500 I think I got that off of YouTube. 01:29:45.760 --> 01:29:47.020 You could Google it. 01:29:47.380 --> 01:29:49.140 They may even have a newer one. 01:29:49.160 --> 01:29:52.600 They put a new one out every once in a while, because you notice that one's about four years old. 01:29:54.440 --> 01:29:59.360 But 20,000 objects that are 10 centimeters or bigger. 01:29:59.360 --> 01:30:02.080 So think softball size or bigger. 01:30:02.700 --> 01:30:05.480 And that's a limit of what we're able to track. 01:30:05.480 --> 01:30:07.900 So we have tracking capabilities on the ground. 01:30:07.900 --> 01:30:08.480 So the U.S. 01:30:08.480 --> 01:30:10.960 Space Force is now in charge of keeping track of that. 01:30:10.960 --> 01:30:18.880 We have a satellite space surveillance network of satellite of ground systems that track that radar systems. 01:30:19.260 --> 01:30:27.440 And currently the limit is about 10 centimeters in low Earth orbit and about beach ball size out of geostationary orbit. 01:30:27.440 --> 01:30:30.480 That capability is about ready to change. 01:30:30.480 --> 01:30:37.340 The Space Force is about ready to bring operational a thing called the space fence, which means they'll be able to track things smaller. 01:30:37.540 --> 01:30:40.180 How much smaller depends. 01:30:40.880 --> 01:30:47.200 But people are saying what's going to happen is that number is going to change by a lot, maybe by an order of magnitude. 01:30:48.160 --> 01:30:53.480 Just because we'll be able to see things that now we know we're sure are there, but we can't see them. 01:30:53.480 --> 01:30:55.460 So now we are blissfully ignorant. 01:30:55.460 --> 01:30:59.380 But then we'll be able to start seeing them and we can't be blissfully ignorant anymore. 01:30:59.380 --> 01:31:05.240 So now instead of 20,000 objects to see, we'll have 200,000 or more that we'll have to keep track of. 01:31:06.060 --> 01:31:09.020 And that just keeps continuing to proliferate. 01:31:09.020 --> 01:31:14.780 There have been numerous satellites damaged by debris and numerous other satellites. 01:31:15.040 --> 01:31:19.480 Maneuvering to avoid debris has become fairly routine. 01:31:20.400 --> 01:31:26.180 Every time I have to move my satellite, I'm spending propellant that I'm never going to get back. 01:31:27.120 --> 01:31:35.420 It's interesting, you look at geostationary, we once worked out what propellant is worth at geostationary orbit. 01:31:35.420 --> 01:31:39.500 Because a geostationary satellite makes like $100 million a year revenue. 01:31:39.500 --> 01:31:45.260 If you work out what the propellant is worth per gram, it's more expensive than plutonium. 01:31:45.660 --> 01:31:47.880 I mean, it's way more expensive than gold. 01:31:47.880 --> 01:31:49.900 It's more expensive than plutonium. 01:31:50.080 --> 01:31:55.100 So if I have to spend some of those precious grams of propellant, I'm not going to be happy. 01:31:55.120 --> 01:31:59.280 I'm going to have to dodge a piece of junk, you know what I'm saying? 01:31:59.320 --> 01:32:01.940 But that's the situation that we're dealing with. 01:32:03.080 --> 01:32:05.460 But the big dog in space is the sun. 01:32:05.460 --> 01:32:09.020 So the sun is putting out a number of things we have to pay attention to. 01:32:09.020 --> 01:32:11.660 First of all is electromagnetic radiation. 01:32:11.660 --> 01:32:17.000 So the physicists, you know, they use this word radiation, and they're not always clear about what they mean. 01:32:17.000 --> 01:32:23.500 So I'm going to distinguish between electromagnetic radiation and ionizing radiation, aka charged particles. 01:32:23.500 --> 01:32:27.740 So for electromagnetic radiation, we mean light and heat, right? 01:32:27.740 --> 01:32:33.560 And all across the electromagnetic spectrum, literally from X-rays and gamma rays all the way up the radio waves. 01:32:34.260 --> 01:32:36.880 You see the graph up there of the output of the sun. 01:32:36.880 --> 01:32:42.560 Most of the sun's output at EM, not too amazingly, is right in the middle of the visible. 01:32:42.660 --> 01:32:46.120 And that's a function of Wien's law, it turns out. 01:32:46.120 --> 01:32:49.540 But you see, this is actually Planck's law plotted there. 01:32:49.540 --> 01:32:53.300 But the peak of that curve is right in the middle of the visible. 01:32:53.500 --> 01:32:57.440 Which is convenient for us because that's what we can see. 01:32:57.660 --> 01:33:02.280 But the range is all the way from X-rays all the way up to radio waves. 01:33:02.760 --> 01:33:06.480 So the infrared, of course, is going to cause heating. 01:33:06.480 --> 01:33:09.140 The light we can turn into solar energy. 01:33:09.700 --> 01:33:12.160 Ultraviolet can cause damage of our surfaces. 01:33:12.300 --> 01:33:14.560 We can get radio interference from the sun. 01:33:14.560 --> 01:33:17.860 The sun is actually very noisy from a radio standpoint. 01:33:18.720 --> 01:33:21.480 And we actually get solar pressure. 01:33:21.480 --> 01:33:24.240 Force from the sun, from light. 01:33:24.240 --> 01:33:27.540 So light is made up of waves or particles. 01:33:27.540 --> 01:33:30.740 Depending on what mood you happen to be in when you do the experiment. 01:33:30.900 --> 01:33:33.540 And if it's a particle, we call that a photon. 01:33:33.540 --> 01:33:35.960 Now, photons do not have mass. 01:33:35.960 --> 01:33:37.680 Turns out they don't have volume either. 01:33:37.980 --> 01:33:40.780 But they do have momentum. 01:33:41.840 --> 01:33:43.880 That's a quantum thing. 01:33:43.920 --> 01:33:47.700 So a photon can actually transfer momentum to you. 01:33:47.700 --> 01:33:48.780 And it's not much. 01:33:48.780 --> 01:33:50.700 It's like five newtons per square kilometer. 01:33:50.700 --> 01:33:55.740 But if I have big old solar rays hanging out for my satellite, that can be significant over time. 01:33:55.740 --> 01:34:03.200 And if I had a really big sail, I could literally sail around the solar system, harnessing the pressure of light as I did that. 01:34:03.860 --> 01:34:05.420 So I have to worry about that. 01:34:05.420 --> 01:34:08.320 But probably the bigger worry are the charged particles. 01:34:08.660 --> 01:34:12.480 So by charged particle, I have to go back to the definition of an atom. 01:34:12.480 --> 01:34:17.760 If you guys remember the Bohr model of an atom, where in the nucleus you have a proton and electron. 01:34:17.780 --> 01:34:20.660 Proton being positive and then the electron being negative. 01:34:20.660 --> 01:34:22.920 Going around the outside there and the neutron neutral. 01:34:23.460 --> 01:34:25.780 And you probably know the story about the two atoms. 01:34:26.020 --> 01:34:27.400 Two atoms were walking down the road. 01:34:27.400 --> 01:34:30.500 One fell down and his buddy helped him back up and said, are you sure? 01:34:30.500 --> 01:34:31.700 Or he said, are you okay? 01:34:31.700 --> 01:34:34.180 He says, no, I think I lost an electron. 01:34:34.320 --> 01:34:35.160 He said, are you sure? 01:34:35.160 --> 01:34:36.380 He said, yeah, I'm positive. 01:34:36.740 --> 01:34:38.560 So that's how you know you lost an electron. 01:34:39.040 --> 01:34:44.160 And neutron walked into a bar and the bartender said, for you, no charge. 01:34:47.860 --> 01:34:51.780 Bartender said, we don't serve faster than light particles in here. 01:34:51.780 --> 01:34:53.860 The tachyon walked into a bar. 01:34:54.120 --> 01:34:55.900 So think about that one. 01:34:55.960 --> 01:34:58.400 So I got these charged particles. 01:34:58.400 --> 01:35:01.820 I have ions, which are positively charged. 01:35:01.820 --> 01:35:03.800 And then I have electrons or negative. 01:35:03.800 --> 01:35:08.360 And they're coming from the solar wind, which I said, there's this constant breeze coming off the sun. 01:35:08.360 --> 01:35:10.920 And then occasionally I get these big solar particle events. 01:35:10.920 --> 01:35:13.440 It's like a gust of these charged particles. 01:35:13.440 --> 01:35:16.360 I also get them coming from outside the solar system. 01:35:16.360 --> 01:35:18.640 We call those galactic cosmic rays. 01:35:18.640 --> 01:35:24.280 And then I get them concentrated in the Van Allen radiation belts in the Earth's magnetic field. 01:35:24.280 --> 01:35:26.760 So I kind of can't escape these things. 01:35:26.760 --> 01:35:37.560 And if you're watching that video on the bottom, you're seeing the sensors on the SOHO satellite start sort of fizzed out there when it got hit by a big solar particle event. 01:35:37.560 --> 01:35:40.080 So it affected the sensor there. 01:35:40.240 --> 01:35:43.580 So these charged particles come in kind of two flavors. 01:35:44.440 --> 01:35:47.900 But we're going to worry about low energy and the high energy. 01:35:48.940 --> 01:35:52.060 Stuff and the low energy we'll call plasma. 01:35:52.200 --> 01:35:57.760 So the plasma effects having to do with arcing, the plasma effects are mainly going to be on the surface. 01:35:57.760 --> 01:36:05.800 So arcing, electrostatic discharge, electromagnetic interference, and re-attracting of contaminants. 01:36:05.800 --> 01:36:10.540 Mostly this is going to be a problem at a geo, less so at LEO, and mainly on the surface. 01:36:10.540 --> 01:36:16.480 So this is an annoyance, but not something that's going to really be a big problem. 01:36:16.480 --> 01:36:17.920 I just noticed Pete's question there. 01:36:17.920 --> 01:36:20.460 Can an entire orbit be taken out with debris? 01:36:22.720 --> 01:36:24.320 We're almost there. 01:36:24.320 --> 01:36:29.860 You see that there were some popular orbits there, geostationary, you actually see a ring. 01:36:29.940 --> 01:36:37.800 And then in low Earth orbit, especially the sun synchronous orbits, they're getting so popular that there's a lot of debris built up there. 01:36:37.800 --> 01:36:43.660 Not to the point that that orbit is unusable, but there's certainly more debris in some orbits than others. 01:36:43.660 --> 01:36:44.480 That's for sure. 01:36:44.480 --> 01:36:46.260 So thanks for that question, Pete. 01:36:47.540 --> 01:36:51.740 Probably the most problematic issue has to do with the high energy charged particles. 01:36:51.740 --> 01:37:01.060 And so every once in a while, the sun burps out a big bunch of charged particles in a coronal mass ejection, shown in this animation in the upper right there. 01:37:01.160 --> 01:37:04.040 Luckily, most of the time, it's not aimed at us. 01:37:04.060 --> 01:37:07.120 But if it is, we got to be ready. 01:37:07.120 --> 01:37:11.220 So we get this big coronal mass ejection, all these big gusts of charged particles. 01:37:11.280 --> 01:37:13.880 Lucky for us, we have our shields up. 01:37:14.380 --> 01:37:20.640 So our Earth's magnetic field protects us from that big blob of charged particles, deflecting most of it. 01:37:20.660 --> 01:37:24.380 But some of those charged particles get trapped within the field lines. 01:37:24.420 --> 01:37:38.940 And then they go down and interact at the field generators, where the Klingons always target down there, and interact at the poles where the field lines come together and cause excitation of the atmosphere, which causes the glow, which is the Northern Lights and the Southern Lights. 01:37:39.080 --> 01:37:49.140 Now, for our spacecraft, those charged particles, those high energy ones, are going to go whipping through the surface of our satellite, like it's not even there, and go right through our electronics. 01:37:49.140 --> 01:37:59.420 And if it happens to hit the right spot, if the little bullet happens to be in the wrong place at the wrong time, then it can cause a latch up of one of the transistors on your microprocessor. 01:37:59.420 --> 01:38:03.640 It can affect the ability for your semiconductor to carry charge. 01:38:03.860 --> 01:38:07.780 And all that can have problems in terms of how your system's going to behave. 01:38:07.780 --> 01:38:11.240 So there's immediate effects here we call single event phenomenon. 01:38:11.240 --> 01:38:12.860 And they happen like that. 01:38:12.860 --> 01:38:18.580 I mean, they're like little bullets going in all the time that are causing issues with how our system is going to behave. 01:38:18.580 --> 01:38:23.920 It can flip a bit, it can latch up a part of a transistor. 01:38:24.180 --> 01:38:25.840 And there's sort of two effects here. 01:38:25.840 --> 01:38:29.440 I think of them in terms of sunburn and skin cancer. 01:38:29.440 --> 01:38:34.160 So the sunburns happening today, skin cancer is happening over many years. 01:38:34.160 --> 01:38:44.400 So you get an immediate effect, and then you get a, we call it total dose effect of accumulative degradation, the ability for our semiconductor to actually work. 01:38:44.400 --> 01:38:53.580 So at some point, it simply stops working after some number of months or years, depending on the substrate material and depending on the orbit that I'm in. 01:38:53.660 --> 01:38:59.000 That total dose then eventually causes my system to simply shut down, stop working. 01:38:59.080 --> 01:39:07.020 And we can look for materials that are less susceptible, but eventually everything succumbs. 01:39:07.020 --> 01:39:19.600 We have not found a system that is 100%, you know, unless you go back to iron core memory, anything that's a semiconductor is eventually going to succumb, at least as far as the technology we know now. 01:39:19.680 --> 01:39:21.740 So we can use some shielding. 01:39:21.740 --> 01:39:25.600 People usually guess lead is the best shielding, but it turns out that's not the best. 01:39:25.600 --> 01:39:29.840 It turns out hydrogen is the best shielding, but hydrogen is not very convenient. 01:39:30.200 --> 01:39:35.660 Water would be next best, but if I have humans on board, I probably have water anyway, so that's good. 01:39:35.660 --> 01:39:42.500 On the International Space Station, they actually use polyethylene, high density polyethylene, a couple of inches of that. 01:39:42.600 --> 01:39:45.680 The polyethylene is a hydrocarbon, so there's a lot of hydrogen there. 01:39:45.680 --> 01:39:48.220 That's the hydrogen that acts as the shield for them. 01:39:49.100 --> 01:39:53.720 But whatever I do, I have to build in air detection and correction because this stuff is going to happen. 01:39:53.720 --> 01:39:56.180 I mean, it's just price of doing business in space. 01:39:56.180 --> 01:40:03.740 So I have to have some quite a bit of software overhead to be constantly checking for these problems because they're just going to happen. 01:40:04.260 --> 01:40:06.800 So the natural environment's bad enough. 01:40:06.800 --> 01:40:10.800 Now I got to worry about the unnatural environment, the human environment. 01:40:10.800 --> 01:40:12.480 And these were the good old days. 01:40:12.480 --> 01:40:23.560 The good old days, we just launched satellites and we talked to them and everybody was cool and everybody was nice to each other and we didn't have to worry and we barely had any software anyway, so it didn't matter. 01:40:24.240 --> 01:40:25.740 And that life was good. 01:40:25.800 --> 01:40:27.780 That ain't the way it is anymore, right? 01:40:27.780 --> 01:40:29.400 Now we have bad actors. 01:40:29.400 --> 01:40:31.600 We're way more dependent on software. 01:40:31.600 --> 01:40:36.440 And these bad actors are doing things like spoofing and eavesdropping and denials of service. 01:40:37.260 --> 01:40:40.740 All of these are things that we now have to be concerned about. 01:40:41.080 --> 01:40:43.940 But we're not really prepared in the space industry. 01:40:43.940 --> 01:40:46.120 So we have some challenges in our industry. 01:40:46.120 --> 01:40:55.660 First of all, as we've just seen, some of the problems that can happen in spacecraft are hard to distinguish between a natural problem and an unnatural problem. 01:40:55.660 --> 01:41:03.900 If I have a single event upset, it may not immediately be obvious that that's, you know, because of the natural environment or because somebody hacked me. 01:41:04.600 --> 01:41:14.260 Also, space has suffered from a bit of, you know, it-can't-happen-here mentality, you know, where you tend to think we're, you know, nobody's going to bug us, but, you know, we're special. 01:41:14.260 --> 01:41:16.260 But of course, we're not that special. 01:41:17.080 --> 01:41:24.800 And space has tended to be fairly conservative and flexible and very non-agile in terms of adapting over time. 01:41:24.800 --> 01:41:26.520 A bit complacent, we could say. 01:41:26.520 --> 01:41:30.300 And we tended to view security as more of an afterthought than a forethought. 01:41:31.240 --> 01:41:33.960 And part of it is because fixing things is difficult. 01:41:33.960 --> 01:41:35.580 We can patch our systems. 01:41:35.580 --> 01:41:38.240 We can even do, you know, new software updates. 01:41:38.240 --> 01:41:39.520 But we're limited. 01:41:39.620 --> 01:41:41.760 Basically, we can't change our hardware. 01:41:41.940 --> 01:41:44.920 And we're limited in the ability of what we can do even to our software. 01:41:44.920 --> 01:41:48.080 So we just can't react that fast. 01:41:48.300 --> 01:41:52.420 The other issue is that the, you know, the attack surface just keeps growing. 01:41:52.420 --> 01:41:54.320 We're relying more and more on software. 01:41:54.320 --> 01:41:56.960 We have more and more distributed missions. 01:41:56.960 --> 01:41:58.900 We have a lot more actors involved. 01:41:58.900 --> 01:42:07.340 We have... our software tends to be more outdated, because we in the space business tend to build missions that last sometimes for decades. 01:42:07.440 --> 01:42:11.440 And so we're still using software from, you know, that nobody else has even heard of. 01:42:11.740 --> 01:42:16.580 And then we have trouble, you know, removing that software at end-of-life kind of problems. 01:42:17.180 --> 01:42:19.340 So that's the space environment issues. 01:42:19.340 --> 01:42:20.880 Again, space isn't that far away. 01:42:20.880 --> 01:42:24.200 We have a number of natural environment things we have to contend with. 01:42:24.200 --> 01:42:33.720 Big one from upsetting spacecraft standpoint are the high energy charge particles, which will cause a single event upsets and bit flips and things. 01:42:34.480 --> 01:42:40.040 And from a cyber's perspective, what I want you to take away here that, first of all, again, space is hard. 01:42:40.040 --> 01:42:42.020 And space sucks because it's vacuum. 01:42:42.120 --> 01:42:48.340 So it's hard enough to get things to work in space, you know, even on a good day, because that natural environment is a pretty big threat. 01:42:48.340 --> 01:42:53.980 And it's causing denial of service randomly already, you know, without any human intervention. 01:42:54.560 --> 01:43:06.480 And some of those anomalies that could occur if, you know, if there was a nefarious actor, we'd have a hard time immediately discerning the difference between a natural attack and an unnatural attack. 01:43:07.140 --> 01:43:22.640 And the other thing to take away is just how fragile spacecraft are, you know, relatively minor hack, like, you know, causing a solar array not to point quite at the sun, even if it was off by a few degrees, would decrease the amount of power it could produce, 01:43:22.640 --> 01:43:28.160 which might decrease its ability to do its mission, and on any number of things from a relatively smart area. 01:43:29.980 --> 01:43:37.520 So Gretchen's asking a question here, in the vein of threats, human actions, there are so many vulnerabilities to ground system, the support space that can be attacked. 01:43:37.520 --> 01:43:41.260 What would cybersecurity hack look like in the ground infrastructure? 01:43:41.420 --> 01:43:42.440 What would they get? 01:43:42.440 --> 01:43:44.640 And how could you protect against it? 01:43:44.940 --> 01:43:47.960 We're going to tackle some more of that here in a minute. 01:43:48.020 --> 01:43:49.900 Gretchen, thanks for that question. 01:43:49.900 --> 01:44:03.440 But we're, as we saw in that previous section, there's, I listed nine different activities for mission operations, and any one of those activities is a potential inroads for an attack. 01:44:04.160 --> 01:44:10.400 And that, in terms of that, and because they all represent parts of the ground infrastructure as well. 01:44:10.400 --> 01:44:19.220 And, you know, some of them more vulnerable than others, but any one of those are potential inroads, because you have people, processes, and things involved. 01:44:19.220 --> 01:44:34.220 And people can be a weak area there, and sometimes just the infrastructure we have, because it's maybe antiquated or doesn't have the, you know, and we're running, you know, legacy software from decades ago, we have more vulnerabilities in that respect. 01:44:34.220 --> 01:44:37.020 So hopefully that answered your question. 01:44:37.780 --> 01:44:40.020 So let's check in. 01:44:40.020 --> 01:44:47.000 Any other questions from that section before I pop up the poll? 01:44:48.560 --> 01:44:52.940 So who still wants to be an astronaut after seeing the threats? 01:44:56.790 --> 01:44:58.550 Who's changed their mind? 01:44:58.610 --> 01:45:00.310 Oh, Pete, you're still ready to go. 01:45:00.310 --> 01:45:00.870 Okay. 01:45:00.990 --> 01:45:02.270 Wear your lead underwear. 01:45:02.270 --> 01:45:05.390 Oh, wait, I guess you better wear your hydrogen underwear. 01:45:06.870 --> 01:45:09.090 Take a visit over an extended stay. 01:45:09.370 --> 01:45:09.950 Kilt. 01:45:09.950 --> 01:45:13.250 Okay, you're, yeah, that'll help you. 01:45:13.390 --> 01:45:23.050 So astronauts will tell you, because we didn't really talk about human issues, but I mean, it's scary to talk about what happens to humans, especially in the free fall environment. 01:45:23.050 --> 01:45:25.370 That's, that's, that can be pretty bad. 01:45:25.370 --> 01:45:29.190 The astronauts will tell you they'll see flashes of light in their eyes. 01:45:29.190 --> 01:45:37.050 So a charged particle goes through the eyeball, releases a photon, your retina can detect a single photon. 01:45:37.050 --> 01:45:43.310 And they see these little light bulbs going off in their eyes at random times, which is a bit of a freak out. 01:45:44.450 --> 01:45:46.670 So that's, that's an issue. 01:45:46.670 --> 01:45:48.290 We talked about shielding. 01:45:49.210 --> 01:45:54.430 The, the, again, for human missions, we can use water. 01:45:54.430 --> 01:46:02.250 In fact, NASA talks about using, creating like a storm shelter because these big solar particle events luckily don't last that long, you know, days. 01:46:02.250 --> 01:46:08.810 So if you can get astronauts to hunker down underneath bags of water for a couple of days, they'd probably be okay. 01:46:08.810 --> 01:46:18.370 But the radiation effects on humans is pretty, pretty critical to look at because a round trip mission to Mars is a, is a lifetime dosage. 01:46:18.390 --> 01:46:21.950 NASA sets the dosage limits based on age and gender. 01:46:22.470 --> 01:46:27.890 Women can take less dosage than men and older people can take more dosage than younger people. 01:46:27.890 --> 01:46:33.290 So of course, the answer for going to Mars is to send old men because you won't miss us anyway. 01:46:33.490 --> 01:46:36.850 And then you could argue about whether you should even bring us back. 01:46:36.850 --> 01:46:40.650 So in terms of a safety issue, but there you go. 01:46:41.590 --> 01:46:42.350 Yeah. 01:46:42.350 --> 01:46:47.230 And so Terry's talking, she, Terry, you want to say something about that JPL thing? 01:46:48.950 --> 01:46:49.790 Yeah, sure. 01:46:49.790 --> 01:47:04.690 So a couple of years ago, JPL was hacked and they were hacked because there was a, an unattended, unauthorized little Raspberry Pi, just a simple little computer hooked up to their network. 01:47:04.690 --> 01:47:20.530 And so an external threat actor got in, actually came in through that Raspberry Pi or targeted it, was able to crawl around their network for about 10 months and, and received about 500 meg of data about one of the Mars missions. 01:47:20.530 --> 01:47:27.930 So that's just an example where, you know, you've really got to watch the people in your network and what they are putting on your network. 01:47:28.710 --> 01:47:29.230 Yeah. 01:47:29.230 --> 01:47:36.470 And I guess be conscious that, you know, all it takes is one slip up and somebody's just waiting for that slip up, you know, in that case. 01:47:36.730 --> 01:47:38.770 You talk about gravity effects on humans. 01:47:38.770 --> 01:47:45.170 So quickly, there's three things with gravity effects on humans, moans, groans, and stones. 01:47:45.210 --> 01:47:53.730 So the moans come from vestibular issues where you just are space sick and you feel like crap because you're, you're just, you know, motion sick. 01:47:53.970 --> 01:48:02.150 Bones comes from a lack of, you know, you know, force on your, on your bones, so your bones lose, lose, lose mass. 01:48:02.290 --> 01:48:11.910 And, and then stones come from a fluid shift because you get fluid that moves to your upper body because your, your legs keep pushing fluid into your upper body, even though it doesn't need to. 01:48:11.910 --> 01:48:18.450 And you're, and you, you start offloading liquid, which means you're going to be dehydrated, which can lead to kidney stones. 01:48:18.450 --> 01:48:21.670 So all of that are issues with gravitational effects. 01:48:21.730 --> 01:48:34.070 Building rotating space stations would be cool, but the, you know, you look at the mass of the entire International Space Station, you'd need a couple times more of that mass to build something even close to big enough to be useful. 01:48:34.070 --> 01:48:39.130 Because if it's a relatively small radius, people would just throw up if they're going around in circles like that. 01:48:39.130 --> 01:48:40.770 So you need a pretty big radius. 01:48:40.770 --> 01:48:42.690 And I can't remember what the minimum radius is. 01:48:42.690 --> 01:48:44.150 Somebody's studied that. 01:48:44.150 --> 01:48:55.410 But it's, it's like 50 meters or at least before otherwise you just you the Coriolis would give you all kinds of vestibular issues. 01:48:55.410 --> 01:48:57.270 So it needs to be a pretty big thing. 01:48:57.270 --> 01:49:00.970 So now we're not quite ready to build something that big yet. 01:49:00.970 --> 01:49:02.470 That'd be nice though. 01:49:02.950 --> 01:49:04.870 All right, let me release the pole. 01:49:05.510 --> 01:49:07.290 Release the hounds. 01:49:07.930 --> 01:49:09.730 Release the pole. 01:49:09.730 --> 01:49:11.850 So we just did threats. 01:49:15.680 --> 01:49:17.820 So let's go ahead and take this poll. 01:49:17.900 --> 01:49:22.560 And then we'll give you about five minutes or so to take the poll. 01:49:22.560 --> 01:49:25.940 Then we'll review that we got time for a little stretch break. 01:49:25.940 --> 01:49:29.760 And then we'll start back up at the at the bottom of the hour. 01:49:29.760 --> 01:49:33.520 So that should be 4.30 pacific time. 01:49:34.060 --> 01:49:37.260 And all right. 01:49:37.260 --> 01:49:37.800 Yeah. 01:49:38.800 --> 01:49:41.240 And then so I guess my little has scheduled. 01:49:41.240 --> 01:49:42.200 That's good. 01:49:43.440 --> 01:49:47.180 So we'll start back up at 4.30 pacific time. 01:49:47.180 --> 01:49:50.160 And then we'll pick up with vulnerabilities there in a minute. 01:49:50.160 --> 01:49:51.680 So go ahead and take the poll. 01:49:51.720 --> 01:49:54.220 And then we'll check in and see how everybody did with that. 01:53:47.900 --> 01:53:49.840 All right, let's see how we did here. 01:53:50.180 --> 01:53:54.720 So we have results. 01:53:56.540 --> 01:53:58.420 So first question. 01:53:59.080 --> 01:54:02.660 Space is incredibly, amazingly, ridiculously far, far away. 01:54:04.700 --> 01:54:06.260 Nope, pretty close, right? 01:54:06.260 --> 01:54:07.300 100 kilometers. 01:54:07.840 --> 01:54:09.920 Drag affects all satellites in every orbit. 01:54:13.020 --> 01:54:14.820 I guess you missed that one. 01:54:14.820 --> 01:54:17.360 So no, right? 01:54:17.360 --> 01:54:21.800 Remember we said 600 kilometers was under the rule of thumb there. 01:54:21.800 --> 01:54:25.140 So we're above 600, then I don't need to worry about drag. 01:54:25.980 --> 01:54:28.280 Below 600, then yeah, I do need to worry about drag. 01:54:28.280 --> 01:54:31.060 So maybe I misspoke there and confused you on that one. 01:54:31.060 --> 01:54:35.600 So I said, yeah, there's atmosphere all the way up to the moon, but not enough to worry about. 01:54:36.120 --> 01:54:42.000 But the 600 kilometers is sort of the line in the sand there for us. 01:54:42.300 --> 01:54:47.660 So those bit flips are caused by the high energy charged particles are pretty pretty much got that one. 01:54:48.040 --> 01:54:55.840 And yeah, the scary thing here is anomalous behavior by satellite could be indistinguishable from a natural threat. 01:54:55.840 --> 01:54:58.380 So it's really hard to know right at first. 01:54:58.380 --> 01:55:04.740 And then all of the above represent the cybersecurity challenges that we talked about. 01:55:04.740 --> 01:55:14.740 And then key things there for denial of service was the TOS flood, the Internet of Things botnet attack, and then ping flood type issues. 01:55:14.740 --> 01:55:17.120 So most of you did okay on there. 01:55:17.300 --> 01:55:18.340 All right. 01:55:18.340 --> 01:55:20.760 So let me stop sharing that. 01:55:22.260 --> 01:55:24.920 So let's move to our last section. 01:55:24.920 --> 01:55:31.520 And then you want to stay tuned because we're going to have our little cybersecurity challenge here at the end to see how you do. 01:55:31.680 --> 01:55:39.020 So here we want to look at some specific areas of vulnerability, the RF systems and data handling systems. 01:55:39.320 --> 01:55:44.800 So we're going to look at those pipes and those uplink and downlink pipes that we talked about. 01:55:44.880 --> 01:55:47.480 We want to know how those pipes work. 01:55:47.480 --> 01:55:49.040 How do I set up a pipe? 01:55:49.040 --> 01:55:52.560 And that means how do I maybe disrupt the pipe as well? 01:55:52.560 --> 01:55:55.160 So these pipes are fine-tuned things. 01:55:55.160 --> 01:55:58.780 We need to make sure that they work correctly because it's all about moving the data. 01:55:58.860 --> 01:56:00.720 And then we'll look at the data handling system. 01:56:00.720 --> 01:56:05.740 So I've got my little cartoon there of a computer and we've got some ones and zeros there. 01:56:05.740 --> 01:56:10.260 If you stare carefully there, you see that my artist put a two in there. 01:56:10.260 --> 01:56:13.060 So I guess that's a bit flip when that happened. 01:56:14.040 --> 01:56:16.380 So let's start with a communication system. 01:56:16.380 --> 01:56:19.440 So this is the ears and the mouth of our spacecraft. 01:56:19.440 --> 01:56:26.280 So we have to listen for commands coming up from the ground and we have to talk to send telemetry down to the ground. 01:56:26.880 --> 01:56:33.880 Along the way, we have to turn that data into modulated information that goes on to the carriers we'll talk about. 01:56:33.880 --> 01:56:42.240 So we have modulators and demodulators that work with that carrier signal that we'll look at to actually move that data from where it needs to go. 01:56:42.240 --> 01:56:47.400 And then that data then connects up to the data handling system as we'll see here in a little bit. 01:56:48.080 --> 01:56:52.280 So the key part here is these communication architectures. 01:56:52.280 --> 01:56:54.600 So again, it's all about moving the data. 01:56:54.600 --> 01:56:56.640 So I have ground systems all over the place. 01:56:56.640 --> 01:57:02.940 I showed you those Air Force Satellite Control Network and Deep Space Network and that Universal Space Network. 01:57:02.940 --> 01:57:08.420 We have these ground stations all over the darn place and we're moving data all over between them. 01:57:08.420 --> 01:57:12.940 Now, space to space and ground to space, downlinks are going to be RF. 01:57:13.020 --> 01:57:17.620 And once it's on the ground, then we can move things around through fiber. 01:57:17.720 --> 01:57:21.320 Fiber is actually a lot better than RF for a whole lot of reasons. 01:57:21.800 --> 01:57:26.680 But for space, ain't no fiber up to the space, at least yet, until we can build that space elevator. 01:57:26.820 --> 01:57:28.700 We're kind of stuck with RF links. 01:57:28.700 --> 01:57:33.880 And so that they create their own challenges and vulnerabilities as we're going to see. 01:57:34.780 --> 01:57:40.480 So let's talk about how RF communication works, which means we have to talk about how communication works. 01:57:41.160 --> 01:57:45.140 And I'm sure everybody, when they were a kid, got to play with two cans and a string. 01:57:45.760 --> 01:57:50.000 And kind of unlike the cartoon in the top, the string needs to be tight. 01:57:50.000 --> 01:57:55.820 So our scientists, they're not holding the string tight the way they need to, but for, you know, artistic license there. 01:57:55.900 --> 01:58:08.660 So the guy on the right is going to talk into his cup and that's going to, his voice is going to bounce on the bottom of the can and his voice will then get modulated onto the string. 01:58:08.660 --> 01:58:24.280 Now the string is going to carry that vibration to the other person who's got the cup up to her ear, and it's going to bounce on the bottom of her cup, where it'll be demodulated, and then she's going to hear kind of whatever it was that he said. 01:58:24.280 --> 01:58:24.840 Okay. 01:58:25.160 --> 01:58:28.880 So RF communication, the only difference is no string. 01:58:28.880 --> 01:58:36.760 In fact, it's really, it's the carrier that acts as the string, as the carrier is where we're going to modulate our information onto. 01:58:36.980 --> 01:58:38.360 But we have to have that carrier. 01:58:38.360 --> 01:58:43.680 So we have to have that string that goes from me to you, and that's how we're going to get our information there. 01:58:43.720 --> 01:58:49.540 Now it turns out there's various ways to modulate that information onto the carrier. 01:58:49.540 --> 01:59:01.860 In the space business, we tend to use digital communication, and there's three basic ways you can think of to do modulation, two of which you have in your car, amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. 01:59:01.860 --> 01:59:10.420 So our cartoon there shows a simple example of amplitude modulation, where low amplitude means a zero, and higher amplitude means a one. 01:59:10.420 --> 01:59:16.420 I could do frequency modulation, so every time I shifted frequency, that could be a zero or a one. 01:59:16.420 --> 01:59:23.800 In the space business, we tend to use phase modulation, where every time we swap phase, we can go between a zero and a one. 01:59:24.020 --> 01:59:27.820 So, you know, kind of pick your language, really. 01:59:27.960 --> 01:59:38.240 It turns in space, it turns out that phase modulation is a little more forgiving, so we tend to use that more in space, but there's, we could use the others if we wanted to, we just don't, they don't work as well. 01:59:38.540 --> 01:59:42.260 But for, you know, for your car, it's fine, you know, we're fine. 01:59:42.340 --> 01:59:44.480 So various ways to do that. 01:59:44.800 --> 01:59:52.740 Now, what we're trying to make sure happens is that we can have a conversation, right, between the spacecraft and the ground, they need to have a conversation. 01:59:52.740 --> 02:00:02.620 And that conversation is no different from what you, the conversation you want to have with your buddies when you're out, you know, out at the restaurant or bar at night, back when we could go to restaurants and bars. 02:00:03.320 --> 02:00:10.680 Well, I'm sure most of you remember being in a bar at one time in your life, and you're trying to have a conversation with somebody on the other side. 02:00:10.740 --> 02:00:14.020 And there's a lot of things that we're going to complicate that. 02:00:14.160 --> 02:00:20.360 First of all, you and your, whoever you're talking to, is helpful if you're speaking the same language, right? 02:00:20.360 --> 02:00:25.560 If you're trying to speak to someone in a language they don't understand, it doesn't matter how loud you talk. 02:00:25.560 --> 02:00:31.640 Most, well, of course, Americans know that if you talk English loud enough, anywhere on earth, people will understand you. 02:00:31.640 --> 02:00:33.320 But that's not usually the case. 02:00:33.360 --> 02:00:36.800 So we need to make sure we pick the right language. 02:00:36.940 --> 02:00:39.320 And we also need to be on the right frequency. 02:00:39.320 --> 02:00:44.220 You know, so if I'm, if I'm using, you know, dog whistle frequency, you're not going to hear me, right? 02:00:44.220 --> 02:00:47.560 So we, you know, let's pick with audio frequencies here. 02:00:47.940 --> 02:00:49.020 Distance is important. 02:00:49.020 --> 02:00:51.740 If I'm too far away, you can't hear me. 02:00:51.740 --> 02:00:53.260 And data rate is important. 02:00:53.260 --> 02:00:57.180 If I talk too quickly, you can't really understand me. 02:00:57.180 --> 02:00:59.460 You might hear me, but you won't really understand me. 02:00:59.460 --> 02:01:01.240 So I have those things to play with. 02:01:01.240 --> 02:01:04.480 Language, frequency, distance, data rate, and then environment. 02:01:04.480 --> 02:01:09.620 So if somebody's making a lot of noise, then I'm not going to be able to hear what the other person's saying either. 02:01:09.620 --> 02:01:13.820 So all those things have to be balanced to make sure we have effective communication. 02:01:14.000 --> 02:01:18.580 And what we're really after here is making sure that the signal is greater than the noise. 02:01:18.580 --> 02:01:21.620 If the signal is higher than the noise, then you're probably going to hear me. 02:01:21.620 --> 02:01:25.340 If the noise is greater than the signal, then you're probably not going to hear me. 02:01:26.500 --> 02:01:34.840 And this gets tied up into what we call Fry's equation, which is for how we calculate link budgets on all of these various links I just showed you. 02:01:34.840 --> 02:01:41.820 So it looks like a little complicated equation, but it's really not that bad, because what it's really doing is implementing the things that we just talked about. 02:01:41.820 --> 02:01:49.440 So instead of being in a bar having a conversation, now I'm having a conversation between two dishes, as we show there on the bottom right. 02:01:49.620 --> 02:01:51.540 And so the same things apply. 02:01:51.540 --> 02:01:55.620 I have to pick the right frequency, in this case the frequency of our carrier wave. 02:01:55.620 --> 02:01:58.560 I have to pick the right language, which is the modulation. 02:01:58.780 --> 02:02:01.840 I'm worried about distance, which we call space loss. 02:02:01.840 --> 02:02:03.680 I'm worried about the data rate. 02:02:03.700 --> 02:02:05.080 And I'm worried about noise. 02:02:05.840 --> 02:02:07.900 So all of those are things I have to consider. 02:02:07.900 --> 02:02:10.800 And they're all packed into that equation there at the top. 02:02:10.800 --> 02:02:17.320 Because what we're trying to do is ensure that for every bit, the energy is greater than the noise. 02:02:17.320 --> 02:02:21.080 So we call energy per bit to noise ratio, or EB over NO. 02:02:21.100 --> 02:02:24.900 So energy per bit to noise ratio wants to be greater than one. 02:02:25.120 --> 02:02:27.820 And that's going to be determined by a number of things. 02:02:27.820 --> 02:02:29.780 I have only a number of things I can play with. 02:02:29.880 --> 02:02:32.800 Transmitter power, basically how loud I'm going to talk. 02:02:32.800 --> 02:02:37.400 Transmitter gain, how I maybe direct what I say. 02:02:37.980 --> 02:02:40.480 The space loss, how close I am. 02:02:40.480 --> 02:02:44.080 The receiver antenna gain, how big the ears are on the ground. 02:02:44.080 --> 02:02:45.620 And the data rate. 02:02:45.700 --> 02:02:49.420 The lower the data rate, the easier it is to get the message through. 02:02:49.440 --> 02:02:52.780 So there are not that many knobs I can turn here. 02:02:52.780 --> 02:02:58.080 But these are the things that I have to have all in place to make sure I have effective communication. 02:02:58.080 --> 02:03:05.280 So if I were to impact any one of these in some negative way, I'm going to reduce my ability to communicate significantly. 02:03:05.520 --> 02:03:08.900 And we see that already with things like Voyager. 02:03:08.900 --> 02:03:12.560 So Voyager keeps going and going and going. 02:03:12.640 --> 02:03:13.920 Energizer bunny, right? 02:03:14.000 --> 02:03:21.100 Eventually the power on its radioisotope thermoelectric generator is going to give out, I think, in about 20 years, they said. 02:03:21.920 --> 02:03:27.620 But even now, it's so far away, the space losses are basically killing our ability to hear it. 02:03:27.620 --> 02:03:31.600 In fact, I don't think we're going to be able to hear it in about another five or 10 years. 02:03:31.700 --> 02:03:33.920 Already, its signal is below the noise. 02:03:33.920 --> 02:03:39.640 And it has to keep repeating itself over and over and over before we can finally pick the signal out of the noise. 02:03:39.880 --> 02:03:43.800 But for something in low Earth orbit, we can't have it just keep repeating itself. 02:03:43.800 --> 02:03:46.100 We want to hear it the first time if we can. 02:03:46.240 --> 02:03:48.580 So these are challenges that we have to face. 02:03:48.760 --> 02:03:54.400 And the other challenges have to do with the limitations that we have for building up these links. 02:03:54.400 --> 02:03:57.980 We have some physical limits that have to do with the atmosphere. 02:03:58.180 --> 02:04:06.740 So certain frequencies are going to get attenuated by the atmosphere, especially some of the higher frequencies that don't like going through rain very well. 02:04:06.980 --> 02:04:12.280 There's some technical limits in terms of just how big of an antenna you can put on a satellite. 02:04:12.280 --> 02:04:17.340 But the biggest antennas flying right now are about 15 meters. 02:04:18.360 --> 02:04:23.620 It's just hard to put in and that has to fold up like an origami and then unfold. 02:04:24.280 --> 02:04:31.040 The Galileo spacecraft we show there in the illustration at the top, they went to Jupiter back in the 90s. 02:04:31.200 --> 02:04:38.040 It had this high gain antenna that was supposed to unfurl like an umbrella, but two of the ribs got stuck together. 02:04:38.040 --> 02:04:39.520 They think it was cold welding. 02:04:39.520 --> 02:04:41.980 So they could never unfurl that high gain antenna. 02:04:41.980 --> 02:04:53.360 So they had to run the whole mission on the low gain antenna, which they lost something like an order or two orders of magnitude less data rate to be able to run the mission, which is problematic. 02:04:53.380 --> 02:05:01.900 So just by affecting that one thing, you've impacted the mission greatly in terms of its ability to move data. 02:05:02.740 --> 02:05:05.560 And of course, there's other technical limits to consider as well. 02:05:05.760 --> 02:05:08.600 I can only generate so much power on board. 02:05:08.900 --> 02:05:12.500 And a lot of the stuff on the ground are already built. 02:05:12.500 --> 02:05:14.220 The frequencies are already established. 02:05:14.220 --> 02:05:17.100 So there's just limits to what I can do. 02:05:17.100 --> 02:05:19.260 And then of course, there's legal limits. 02:05:19.400 --> 02:05:26.760 You can't just wake up tomorrow and decide you're going to start your own radio station, the FCC is going to come shut you down. 02:05:26.780 --> 02:05:35.980 And the same goes in space, you can't simply launch a satellite and start broadcasting willy nilly and whatever frequency you want, you have to get approval to use that. 02:05:35.980 --> 02:05:40.180 And the approval comes from through the International Telecommunications Union. 02:05:40.180 --> 02:05:43.380 And that's fairly highly regulated, which is a good thing. 02:05:43.380 --> 02:05:45.240 Otherwise, it'd be chaos up there. 02:05:45.900 --> 02:05:55.660 So even though you might want to do certain things, if you don't have the frequency allocation, you're going to be out of luck in terms of what you can actually do. 02:05:58.640 --> 02:06:05.640 So the trade space then here ends up being, what can I do to affect my EV over NO? 02:06:05.640 --> 02:06:10.380 How can I make sure that when I talk, people can hear me and understand me? 02:06:10.380 --> 02:06:11.140 Well, what can I do? 02:06:11.140 --> 02:06:12.860 Well, I can talk louder, right? 02:06:12.860 --> 02:06:15.660 I can get more power out of my spacecraft. 02:06:16.180 --> 02:06:21.540 But there's going to be a limit, and there's only so much power I have available from my solar panels. 02:06:21.580 --> 02:06:23.520 I can get a bigger megaphone, right? 02:06:23.520 --> 02:06:27.700 But again, I can only put so big of an antenna on my spacecraft. 02:06:27.960 --> 02:06:32.280 I can try to get closer, but hey, if I'm Voyager, I'm leaving the solar system, man. 02:06:32.280 --> 02:06:33.720 That's not an option. 02:06:33.920 --> 02:06:36.660 I can try to get bigger ears on the ground. 02:06:37.060 --> 02:06:39.440 But most of our ground stations are already fixed. 02:06:39.440 --> 02:06:42.000 They represent billions of dollars of investment. 02:06:42.000 --> 02:06:45.220 I'm probably not going to simply go build new ones necessarily. 02:06:45.220 --> 02:06:47.480 I can try to talk slower. 02:06:47.660 --> 02:06:52.080 That'll make it easier, but then I'm going to take longer to get the same information to the ground. 02:06:52.080 --> 02:06:55.040 That means it's going to take more passes to do that. 02:06:55.040 --> 02:07:02.020 I can try to reduce the noise in the environment, but there's a limit to what I can do there, especially for existing systems. 02:07:02.040 --> 02:07:07.280 And I try to move to higher frequencies, but that means new technologies often. 02:07:07.340 --> 02:07:17.160 We're getting a crowding right now because a lot of the frequencies that space has traditionally used are starting to get more terrestrial applications as well. 02:07:17.160 --> 02:07:30.240 And when there's a contest between space application and terrestrial applications, terrestrial tends to win, which means space is getting crowded out of its traditional S-band, C-band frequencies. 02:07:30.240 --> 02:07:43.560 In fact, there's a slew of satellite orders just came in this year because they're trying to provide better utilization for some of the C-band frequencies that are available, which is good news to people building satellites. 02:07:44.420 --> 02:07:54.400 So there's a push to move space to higher frequencies, which is good for a lot of reasons, but bad because we don't necessarily have all the infrastructure in place. 02:07:54.400 --> 02:07:59.500 It's going to represent some big investment to start moving your frequencies around. 02:07:59.900 --> 02:08:05.620 So those are issues we have to think about when it comes to these things. 02:08:07.240 --> 02:08:11.420 So those are the key issues with communication. 02:08:11.420 --> 02:08:15.960 So again, I wanted you to understand fundamentally how communication works. 02:08:16.480 --> 02:08:27.740 We've got the two cans in the string, we've got our carrier, and here we have our carrier wave, which is some frequency that's been allocated to us, and then we're going to modulate our information on top of that. 02:08:27.980 --> 02:08:33.700 When we talk, we want people to hear us, which means we need the energy per bit to be greater than the noise. 02:08:33.700 --> 02:08:43.980 So that means I only have so many things I can play with there in terms of how loud I talk, how big my antenna is, distance, frequency, language, speed, environment. 02:08:44.780 --> 02:08:54.580 And then we have some limitations we have to deal with, physical, technical, legal, and a number of trade-offs then that impact what we can and can't do with that. 02:08:54.640 --> 02:08:56.260 Any questions on RF? 02:08:56.260 --> 02:09:11.660 So you just got about a semester course on RF communication in 15 minutes or so, but I want to make sure you understand where the... because it's fairly technical, but it's a technical because it really impacts what you can and can't do. 02:09:11.660 --> 02:09:20.620 A lot of it's physics and technology, so we have to be aware of what those limitations are, both from a security standpoint and a vulnerability standpoint. 02:09:20.880 --> 02:09:22.800 Any questions on any of that? 02:09:24.120 --> 02:09:26.700 How's my EB over NO coming through? 02:09:30.020 --> 02:09:31.520 So far so good? 02:09:34.320 --> 02:09:35.680 Nancy, can you hear me? 02:09:35.680 --> 02:09:36.560 All good? 02:09:38.660 --> 02:09:39.760 All good. 02:09:39.760 --> 02:09:40.540 Loud and clear. 02:09:40.540 --> 02:09:40.560 All right. 02:09:40.560 --> 02:09:42.180 Everything sounds great so far, yeah. 02:09:42.540 --> 02:09:45.620 Should say 3 dB, that would be good. 02:09:46.440 --> 02:09:48.680 So, all right. 02:09:48.680 --> 02:09:52.620 Well, let's look then at what's happening in the data handling system. 02:09:52.620 --> 02:09:56.800 So the data handling system now is really our brains of our spacecraft. 02:09:56.800 --> 02:09:59.200 So it's doing all the thinking for us. 02:09:59.320 --> 02:10:01.280 And so it's got a lot to do, right? 02:10:01.280 --> 02:10:04.200 If you think of it as a to-do list, it's a long to-do list. 02:10:04.200 --> 02:10:06.300 It's got to respond to commands from the ground. 02:10:06.300 --> 02:10:11.980 It's got to come up with telemetry from the health and status as well as the payload. 02:10:12.280 --> 02:10:18.840 It's got to boot up on its own and self-test, and it has to fix errors if it finds them. 02:10:18.840 --> 02:10:21.220 And it has to control everything on the satellite. 02:10:21.220 --> 02:10:22.040 It has to control the heat. 02:10:22.040 --> 02:10:23.400 It has to control power. 02:10:23.400 --> 02:10:24.800 It has to control the pointing. 02:10:24.800 --> 02:10:26.380 It has to control rockets. 02:10:26.520 --> 02:10:29.880 All that stuff has to happen on board that. 02:10:29.900 --> 02:10:32.880 And it has to be ready to be updated. 02:10:32.880 --> 02:10:38.280 So over-the-air updates, kind of like a Tesla, it's got to be ready for over-the-air updates whenever they're ready. 02:10:38.400 --> 02:10:39.800 And that could be patches. 02:10:39.800 --> 02:10:43.340 It could be complete software updates over the life of the mission. 02:10:43.340 --> 02:10:45.080 So that's a lot. 02:10:45.080 --> 02:10:51.080 On top of that, it's got to do it in the space environment when we just talked about how nasty that place is. 02:10:51.080 --> 02:10:54.320 So I have to deal with all that on top of everything else. 02:10:54.320 --> 02:10:58.900 So it makes this data handling problem pretty difficult. 02:10:59.380 --> 02:11:08.540 So that brains of the operation then is tightly coupled to the communication system because it doesn't do me any good to handle data if I can't communicate it. 02:11:08.540 --> 02:11:12.100 So sometimes it'll be called the command and data handling system. 02:11:12.100 --> 02:11:14.900 Sometimes the communication data handling system. 02:11:14.900 --> 02:11:17.560 Depends on who you talk to and which organization they're in. 02:11:17.560 --> 02:11:19.680 But it's all about moving the data. 02:11:19.680 --> 02:11:22.080 So I can't communicate the data if I can't handle it. 02:11:22.080 --> 02:11:24.260 And just because I handle it, I still need to communicate it. 02:11:24.260 --> 02:11:26.420 So all pretty much goes together. 02:11:27.200 --> 02:11:28.320 So what's in there? 02:11:28.320 --> 02:11:30.560 So let's look under the hood here and see what's there. 02:11:30.560 --> 02:11:33.900 And not too surprisingly, we're basically talking about a computer , right? 02:11:33.900 --> 02:11:35.080 So what's in there? 02:11:35.080 --> 02:11:40.740 Well, we've got some sort of central processing unit, probably multiple central processing units. 02:11:41.560 --> 02:11:46.560 We have memory, RAM and ROM, pretty much, you know, solid state memory these days. 02:11:46.560 --> 02:11:48.320 Don't fly tape drives anymore. 02:11:48.600 --> 02:11:50.440 And then input output devices. 02:11:50.440 --> 02:11:54.600 So space business tends to lean heavily on standards. 02:11:54.640 --> 02:11:57.820 So there are a number of data bus standards that are fairly common. 02:11:57.820 --> 02:11:59.980 One is called MIL-STD-1553. 02:11:59.980 --> 02:12:01.860 There's another one called SpaceWire. 02:12:02.340 --> 02:12:11.460 And they'll, you know, the 1553, I want to say is what about one to three megabits or something like that data rate, which is fine for most applications on a satellite. 02:12:11.460 --> 02:12:13.720 And people build equipment to that standard. 02:12:13.720 --> 02:12:15.340 So it's easy to get to. 02:12:15.520 --> 02:12:17.840 And then we have a lot of other components too. 02:12:17.840 --> 02:12:22.640 So we have transducers that are measuring stuff all over our spacecraft. 02:12:22.640 --> 02:12:36.540 So whether it's temperature or pressure or whatever, we have transducers that act as analog to digital converters to, you know, turn that analog world into a digital world so that we can do stuff with it. 02:12:36.540 --> 02:12:43.260 We make a lot of use on space systems on field programmable gate arrays, FPGAs. 02:12:43.260 --> 02:12:53.180 There are fairly versatile processor units that you can program in firmware to do any number of things. 02:12:53.180 --> 02:12:59.660 We use them for digital signal processing and other kind of well-defined tasks on board a spacecraft. 02:12:59.660 --> 02:13:03.280 So you'll see a lot of FPGAs show up. 02:13:03.280 --> 02:13:11.040 And then sometimes application-specific integrated circuits that may be a custom circuit that are done for a specific application. 02:13:11.040 --> 02:13:18.920 Again, maybe digital signal processing or maybe some particular payload interaction or something that we're doing. 02:13:19.560 --> 02:13:21.100 That's all the hardware. 02:13:21.100 --> 02:13:23.140 Of course, the hardware is kind of the easy bit. 02:13:23.140 --> 02:13:24.800 And then we get to the software. 02:13:24.800 --> 02:13:27.160 And without software, we got nothing. 02:13:27.160 --> 02:13:28.960 We just got a box of silicon. 02:13:29.020 --> 02:13:31.860 So it's the software that's enabling. 02:13:31.860 --> 02:13:36.400 So we more and more think of spacecraft as a box that flies software. 02:13:37.200 --> 02:13:41.940 We think of software as the complexity sponge for how everything gets done. 02:13:41.940 --> 02:13:52.320 And as you go around the spacecraft and look at every single subsystem, pretty much every subsystem needs some amount of software, some more than others. 02:13:52.320 --> 02:13:55.860 But it's pretty hard to do much of anything without software. 02:13:56.620 --> 02:13:59.400 And software, and that's true across aerospace. 02:13:59.400 --> 02:14:03.420 There was a gentleman giving a talk a number of years ago from Lockheed Martin. 02:14:03.420 --> 02:14:06.280 I think he was a chief technology officer, chief scientist. 02:14:06.280 --> 02:14:07.820 And he was talking about that. 02:14:07.820 --> 02:14:09.400 I think he was talking about the F-22. 02:14:09.860 --> 02:14:17.340 And he said that half the cost of the F-22 was in testing, and half of that was in software. 02:14:17.340 --> 02:14:26.220 And he made the kind of the joke, and he said he was only half joking, that Lockheed might be better off giving away airplanes and charging for software. 02:14:26.380 --> 02:14:35.880 And that's kind of where we're going, that the price of hardware is asymptoting to zero, and the price of software is asymptoting to infinity. 02:14:36.140 --> 02:14:40.800 So most of the cost these days is in software development, testing, maintenance. 02:14:41.980 --> 02:14:48.980 We're kind of shifting to a world of DevOps, where we're kind of continuously maintaining and developing your code. 02:14:48.980 --> 02:14:51.800 Because that's where the functionality is. 02:14:51.800 --> 02:14:56.000 And I'm a hardware guy saying this, and having to admit how important software is. 02:14:56.000 --> 02:14:57.940 So this is where we're going. 02:14:57.940 --> 02:15:00.500 And we're depending on it more and more. 02:15:00.500 --> 02:15:07.500 So software use has been going up following Augustine's law, which is 10x every 10 years or so. 02:15:07.500 --> 02:15:20.180 It's funny, you go back to 1960s, and NASA flew Mariner 6, I think it went to Venus, with 30 lines of code, three zero lines of code. 02:15:20.200 --> 02:15:25.980 Now it's probably machine code, and all of you who do software know that lines of code is a terrible metric. 02:15:26.000 --> 02:15:33.160 But we use it anyway, because if you can't measure what's important, measure what you can and argue that it's important. 02:15:33.700 --> 02:15:44.000 But we, you know, so now fast forward today, and when they launched the rover on its way to Mars last week, it probably had something like 2 million lines of code on it. 02:15:44.040 --> 02:15:48.820 2 million lines of code is not impressive when you compare it to a car. 02:15:48.820 --> 02:15:52.400 So a new car probably has 100 million lines of code. 02:15:53.520 --> 02:15:55.220 But space is different, right? 02:15:55.220 --> 02:16:00.160 So we're, you know, even so space is going up exponentially in its name, in its use of code. 02:16:00.160 --> 02:16:08.820 And the way we use code is still different from from a car, where we have to, we have a lot more demands on space software than we have even on automotive software. 02:16:09.240 --> 02:16:14.780 And, and that creates, again, more of a threat space for us to be concerned about. 02:16:14.780 --> 02:16:19.000 And when we start depending on code, of course, code can let us down. 02:16:19.360 --> 02:16:25.180 So this is that famous example of what happened with the Mars Climate Orbiter. 02:16:25.360 --> 02:16:32.300 And Mars Climate Orbiter had, was on its way to Mars, was going to inter-orbit around Mars back in 99. 02:16:32.540 --> 02:16:43.000 And the way this mission was, and I'll play the video there, so it was on its way to Mars, it was going to inter-orbit around Mars, and it was going to fire its rocket to inter-orbit. 02:16:43.000 --> 02:16:48.180 Remember, it's on that hyperbolic trajectory, and it was going to just fly by Mars if it didn't slow down. 02:16:48.180 --> 02:17:03.360 So it gets ready to slow down to inter-orbit around Mars, but wait for it, they were only off by 169 kilometers, which means they re-entered, they entered the orbit of atmosphere of Mars and burned up, and there they went. 02:17:03.580 --> 02:17:07.960 So all, all, all because of a units problem. 02:17:07.960 --> 02:17:10.960 This is the infamous units problem you might have heard about. 02:17:10.960 --> 02:17:26.880 So what happened here is that there were, the way this mission was operated, is you had operators in Denver who were keeping track of the, of the bus, basically, and then you had the mission control, which was at Jet Propulsion Lab out in California, who was managing the mission. 02:17:26.960 --> 02:17:40.860 The guys managing the bus out in Denver were keeping track every time the satellite fired these little rockets, and they'd use these rockets for attitude control, but they also had slight impact on the, on the trajectory as well. 02:17:40.860 --> 02:17:49.820 And they were keeping track of all these rocket firings, and they put it into a file, and then they'd ship it out to JPL, where they would actually model the trajectory. 02:17:50.360 --> 02:18:03.560 Well, the guys in Denver were putting it in the file, modeling it as the thrust being in pounds, pounds force, which is an English unit, and then they shipped it out to JPL, where they assumed it was in Newtons. 02:18:03.860 --> 02:18:06.240 Well, what's the difference between a pound and a Newton? 02:18:06.240 --> 02:18:20.800 It's a factor of four, and I, the way I tell Americans to remember this is when they go to McDonald's in Paris, because every American who goes to Paris goes to McDonald's, that they should order a Newton burger instead of a quarter pounder, because that's how you remember that. 02:18:21.160 --> 02:18:24.420 Not a true thing, they don't really sell Newton burgers, but there you go. 02:18:24.680 --> 02:18:32.940 So they were off by a factor of four, which, you know, again, very, they weren't firing these rockets very much, so it was a relatively small correction. 02:18:33.320 --> 02:18:38.220 And to me, there's an interesting Murphy's Law thing going on here. 02:18:39.040 --> 02:18:44.700 You know, you think about it, they could have been off 160 kilometers in the other direction, right? 02:18:44.700 --> 02:18:46.900 I mean, left, right, up, down. 02:18:46.900 --> 02:18:48.420 It just happened to be down. 02:18:48.480 --> 02:18:52.160 You know, talk about flipping a coin and having to go the wrong way. 02:18:52.560 --> 02:18:54.040 It's simply the way it ended up. 02:18:54.040 --> 02:19:02.060 If they'd ended up 160 kilometers further away from Mars, they would have still entered orbit, and they would have said, oh, wow, look, and they would have been fine. 02:19:02.180 --> 02:19:11.500 But because they flipped the coin the wrong way, and they ended up closer to Mars, they burned up and all that because of, you know, the way they managed the software there. 02:19:12.220 --> 02:19:17.080 So they didn't, the software management development plan wasn't, was not fully followed. 02:19:17.140 --> 02:19:22.220 And they hadn't actually, interestingly enough, they never categorized this as critical software. 02:19:23.460 --> 02:19:26.380 Pete's asking how much margin of error do they allow for? 02:19:26.840 --> 02:19:35.520 You'd think they would allow for more than that 100, you know, you know, they made it, you know, 40 million kilometers and we're only off by 160. 02:19:35.680 --> 02:19:52.360 So you'd think they'd have a little bit more margin for error than that, you know, because, you know, once you're, you know, if you're trying to get into a 400 kilometer orbit around Mars, and you instead entered a 600 kilometer orbit, the cost to change that is relatively small. 02:19:52.560 --> 02:20:00.300 So I don't know if they were just trying to, you know, show off and see how closely they could get, but that did not work out for them. 02:20:00.300 --> 02:20:03.420 But you're spot on there on that question. 02:20:03.740 --> 02:20:07.500 Any questions about this particular debacle? 02:20:09.180 --> 02:20:13.800 There's other examples of software getting us in trouble in the space industry. 02:20:13.800 --> 02:20:23.240 There's the maiden flight of Ariane 5, where they reused software from Ariane 4, because, you know, heck, it was just a different rocket, why not? 02:20:23.240 --> 02:20:27.840 And that reused software caused a trajectory deviation, which caused the rocket to blow up. 02:20:27.840 --> 02:20:30.960 So these kind of things can get us in trouble. 02:20:31.020 --> 02:20:38.340 Mars Polar Lander, one line, basically one requirement was not allocated to software. 02:20:38.480 --> 02:20:43.700 And so you can't really blame software on that one, it was really more of a system engineering failure. 02:20:43.800 --> 02:20:52.100 But, you know, these sometimes, you know, seemingly simple things can cause total disaster on systems like this. 02:20:53.420 --> 02:20:57.220 And this is just, this is all us doing it to ourselves, right? 02:20:57.220 --> 02:21:06.540 You know, let alone some nefarious actor getting in there and helping us along, you know, so we do enough damage to ourselves without that. 02:21:06.540 --> 02:21:16.020 The lander, another lander was a European lander, Skier Pirelli, which I've never pronounced correctly, but he was the guy that discovered the canals on Mars. 02:21:16.020 --> 02:21:17.700 That crashed. 02:21:17.700 --> 02:21:28.600 Again, that was not, again, probably not a software error, but not completely well defined software in terms of how it handled the excursions on that inertial measurement unit. 02:21:28.600 --> 02:21:33.480 So, you know, there's always, you always kind of point to a root cause problem. 02:21:33.520 --> 02:21:38.020 But, you know, again, the space is hard enough without people doing bad things to us. 02:21:39.840 --> 02:21:41.040 All right. 02:21:41.040 --> 02:21:42.920 Any other questions on that? 02:21:43.620 --> 02:21:48.620 So, key design issues then to think about for data handling. 02:21:48.620 --> 02:21:56.600 You need to know what level of autonomy your spacecraft has to deal with, and the more autonomy, the more complexity. 02:21:57.360 --> 02:21:59.680 You have to understand all the tasks. 02:21:59.680 --> 02:22:03.380 What are you expecting your software to do, and where will it get done? 02:22:03.380 --> 02:22:04.680 We have some choices. 02:22:04.680 --> 02:22:05.920 We can do things on board. 02:22:05.920 --> 02:22:07.300 We can do them on the ground. 02:22:07.380 --> 02:22:08.420 We can do it in hardware. 02:22:08.420 --> 02:22:09.440 We can do it in software. 02:22:09.440 --> 02:22:10.340 We can do it in software. 02:22:10.340 --> 02:22:11.500 We can do it in firmware. 02:22:12.740 --> 02:22:15.500 You have to understand the environment that you're going to be dealing with. 02:22:15.500 --> 02:22:20.000 How bad will that ionizing radiation environment be? 02:22:20.440 --> 02:22:33.780 NASA has a mission at Jupiter right now called Juno, and they had to take all the avionics and they put it inside a titanium vault, and they used the best possible avionics that they could get and still did all the shielding. 02:22:33.780 --> 02:22:35.520 And so far, it's been holding up. 02:22:35.520 --> 02:22:39.740 They thought it would only last about an Earth year, but I think they're going on, what, three years? 02:22:39.800 --> 02:22:46.640 I haven't seen much report on what their single event upset issues are, but they seem to be still doing okay. 02:22:46.800 --> 02:22:53.300 But Jupiter has an even worse radiation environment than the Earth because it has a more intense magnetic field. 02:22:54.420 --> 02:23:03.680 NASA is talking about landing on one of the moons of Jupiter, Europa, where they have the ice fields, and under the ice, there's an ocean where the intelligent whales live. 02:23:04.040 --> 02:23:11.860 But they think when they land on that surface, on the ice there, they may be only good for a month or two because of the radiation environment there. 02:23:11.860 --> 02:23:19.140 So luckily, the intelligent whales are protected by all the ice, so they're good, but they probably mutate a lot. 02:23:20.040 --> 02:23:23.560 What was the thing from mutated sea bass? 02:23:23.560 --> 02:23:25.880 These are mutated whales. 02:23:26.480 --> 02:23:30.720 Anyway, so the other thing I need to think about are developer needs, right? 02:23:30.720 --> 02:23:32.680 So I've got to develop this code. 02:23:32.840 --> 02:23:34.020 How are we going to build it? 02:23:34.020 --> 02:23:34.720 What language? 02:23:34.720 --> 02:23:35.860 What development environment? 02:23:35.860 --> 02:23:36.880 What tools? 02:23:36.880 --> 02:23:38.460 How am I going to test it? 02:23:38.800 --> 02:23:46.360 And then we have all the operational abilities to consider, flexibility, maintainability, and we should also throw sustainability in there. 02:23:46.400 --> 02:23:52.940 One of the challenges we face in the space industry especially is that we use, you know, we tend to use stuff for decades. 02:23:53.180 --> 02:24:11.020 When the last space shuttle mission landed, the last HAL programmer lost their job because the shuttle was programmed using a language called HAL, circa, you know, state-of-the-art 1975, which by, you know, 2005 was no longer a thing. 02:24:11.220 --> 02:24:19.920 So, you know, when we're trying to maintain software for decades, that creates huge problems for us and, of course, threat surfaces as well. 02:24:20.780 --> 02:24:37.200 So these are the takeaways then for the data handling, understanding what it needs to do, how it has to correct for errors, the hardware-software interactions that we have to deal with, and all the software functions that have to be performed both on board and on the ground for a data handling system. 02:24:37.500 --> 02:24:54.180 So takeaways from a cyberspace lens here, that first of all, RF security is a relative small sub-niche of cybersecurity, because we tend to focus, as you might expect, more on, you know, fiber, because that's what most data is moving around. 02:24:54.180 --> 02:25:00.020 But RF is a unique, you know, we are uniquely dependent on RF in the space industry. 02:25:00.020 --> 02:25:08.960 Now, and getting access to that equipment is relatively easy, but as we mentioned, everybody tends to encrypt their stuff, so you have to know their encryption capability. 02:25:09.610 --> 02:25:18.240 But there are a lot of hardware-software vendors out there, there are multiple development environments, there are legacy languages, and all those create additional vulnerabilities. 02:25:18.560 --> 02:25:30.380 And then, of course, space relies heavily on software, and the more people get involved there, the more, you know, both grounded on board, the more additional vulnerabilities we end up making. 02:25:32.220 --> 02:25:39.780 Any questions on the vulnerability section, on the RF or data handling? 02:25:53.100 --> 02:25:56.000 How are they looking at future AI? 02:25:56.380 --> 02:25:58.460 Yeah, AI is an interesting discussion. 02:25:58.460 --> 02:26:07.620 I mean, space, I'd say, is fairly far behind on that in a lot of ways, because, again, we tend to be pretty conservative in how we approach that. 02:26:08.780 --> 02:26:23.440 There, you know, I've seen discussion of AI more for things like data mining on going through, you know, Kepler's data for looking for planets, you know, using it, you know, for post-processing, but not so much for, you know, real-time. 02:26:23.560 --> 02:26:35.580 I remember even back in the 80s, there was talk about, you know, expert systems supporting operators, but, you know, it's amazing that even 30 years later, that still has not really become a thing. 02:26:35.580 --> 02:26:42.140 So, you know, that's kind of that trade-off between autonomy versus automation that we get a lot. 02:26:42.140 --> 02:26:57.180 So I don't see a whole lot of talk, maybe something that maybe Terry might have a better insight there, but I haven't heard a lot of talk in the space business about more emphasis on AI for certainly for operations. 02:26:59.000 --> 02:27:08.220 Decision support, yeah, maybe for operators, but again, I haven't... I remember that being a quite a bit of talk many years ago, but I haven't heard much recently about that. 02:27:08.400 --> 02:27:10.920 Terry, do you have an update on AI applications? 02:27:11.400 --> 02:27:13.200 I don't, not in the space arena. 02:27:13.200 --> 02:27:16.300 I haven't really seen anything there either. 02:27:16.560 --> 02:27:22.040 Yeah, it's again, we tend to be pretty slow to the party for new technologies like that. 02:27:25.670 --> 02:27:27.510 We're going to find the slides, Meno. 02:27:27.590 --> 02:27:34.790 They are posted and maybe if Matt's on, he can tell you where they are in the Discord channel. 02:27:34.790 --> 02:27:37.070 Are they in the Discord channel, Matt, the slides? 02:27:39.710 --> 02:27:41.850 They are in the Discord channel. 02:27:41.910 --> 02:27:47.530 Yeah, Meno, they're there and if you can't find them, email me and I can always send them to you. 02:27:48.450 --> 02:27:51.650 Okay, let's pull up... I'm going to do two things here. 02:27:53.070 --> 02:27:55.590 I'm going to give you your cyber challenge. 02:27:55.590 --> 02:27:58.070 So here's your cyber challenge for the day. 02:27:58.790 --> 02:28:00.630 So I'm going to go through the challenge. 02:28:00.630 --> 02:28:02.890 Then I'm going to post the poll. 02:28:03.030 --> 02:28:06.570 Then you can take the poll while you're thinking about the challenge. 02:28:06.570 --> 02:28:09.450 And then we'll get back together and talk about it. 02:28:09.470 --> 02:28:12.430 So here's our scenario, right? 02:28:12.430 --> 02:28:21.710 So there's a company called Wiley Imaging and they've been operating a high resolution commercial remote sensing satellite now for about two years. 02:28:21.790 --> 02:28:24.750 And the US government is one of their biggest customers. 02:28:24.770 --> 02:28:29.030 It's in a sun-synchronous orbit at an altitude of 710 kilometers. 02:28:29.110 --> 02:28:33.290 And it has a node crossing of 1030 southbound every morning. 02:28:33.290 --> 02:28:39.330 When it crosses the equator going south, the local time is 1030 in the morning. 02:28:39.330 --> 02:28:41.190 That's what we call it, sun-synchronous. 02:28:41.190 --> 02:28:43.610 That means you get shadows. 02:28:43.610 --> 02:28:48.150 You get mid-morning shadows every time you fly over the equator like that. 02:28:48.770 --> 02:28:57.590 Wiley operates their own ground station here in Colorado, but they lease access to two other ground stations in Norway and Alaska. 02:28:58.110 --> 02:29:12.210 They're up at the high latitude and this is a sun-synchronous, which means it's nearly a polar orbit, which means that Norway and Alaska ground stations can see that satellite nearly every orbit, which is convenient. 02:29:12.490 --> 02:29:19.470 The satellite was built by Acme Aerospace in Iowa and there are two other satellites currently in development that plan to be launched next year. 02:29:19.470 --> 02:29:20.630 So that's the background. 02:29:21.130 --> 02:29:29.050 So the issue is, during the last two passes, we had a Passover in Norway and then we had a Passover in Colorado. 02:29:29.110 --> 02:29:36.130 The operators noticed bad headers on about 10 percent of the health and status telemetry data packets. 02:29:36.130 --> 02:29:39.270 They didn't see any problem with the payload data packets. 02:29:39.410 --> 02:29:43.790 And it's actually not unusual that you have separate downlinks. 02:29:43.790 --> 02:29:51.010 You have a downlink for health and status and you have a separate downlink, separate frequency for payload data. 02:29:51.010 --> 02:29:55.150 So the fact that those are different is not too amazing. 02:29:55.150 --> 02:29:56.590 That's actually kind of normal. 02:29:56.850 --> 02:30:03.570 But they only saw the problem with the health and status packets and it's on the header on the packets. 02:30:03.570 --> 02:30:14.830 But this is about a thousand times worse than they would have expected because we usually plan for like 10 to the minus 5, 10 to the minus 6, let's say one in a million bits to have a problem. 02:30:14.830 --> 02:30:19.750 And here you're seeing about a thousand times worse than that or maybe even worse than a thousand times worse. 02:30:19.750 --> 02:30:21.990 So it's a lot worse than they would have expected. 02:30:22.950 --> 02:30:24.790 So here are your challenge questions. 02:30:24.790 --> 02:30:31.990 So first of all, how would you determine if this issue were due to natural or man-made causes? 02:30:32.970 --> 02:30:37.310 What would your potential reasons be if it were natural causes? 02:30:37.970 --> 02:30:44.230 Assuming though that it's malicious cause, what opportunities would a bad actor have had? 02:30:44.970 --> 02:30:50.330 Assuming it's malicious cause, what vulnerabilities could a bad actor have exploited? 02:30:50.470 --> 02:31:00.050 And then given there are two other satellites in development, what other design or operational changes could we think about to prevent future issues? 02:31:00.050 --> 02:31:03.370 So those are the questions I want you to ponder. 02:31:03.630 --> 02:31:09.930 While you're pondering that, I'm going to put up the poll, last poll of the day here. 02:31:11.250 --> 02:31:14.250 So you can... I'll let you multitask here. 02:31:14.350 --> 02:31:18.470 So you can do the poll and then think about the cyber challenge. 02:31:18.470 --> 02:31:21.750 You can do the cyber challenge and then come back and think about the poll. 02:31:22.030 --> 02:31:27.730 But let's take about 10 minutes to go through that. 02:31:28.170 --> 02:31:32.610 And I'll give you 10 minutes to take the poll and think about the challenge. 02:31:32.650 --> 02:31:41.810 And then we'll get back together and we'll see if some brave soul online here wants to volunteer their answer to the challenge. 02:31:41.810 --> 02:31:50.110 So if you have a multi -deck slide presentation in the next 10 minutes, I'll let you share that with the team. 02:31:50.230 --> 02:31:56.530 So let's take about 10 minutes and think about the poll questions and the challenge scenario. 02:31:56.530 --> 02:32:04.750 And then we'll bring it back together, review the poll, and then we'll step through the how to think about this particular challenge problem. 02:32:04.790 --> 02:32:08.170 And then we'll wrap it up and we'll be able to call it a day here on time. 02:32:08.390 --> 02:32:14.130 So go do one or the other or both, and we'll check back here in about 10 minutes. 02:34:19.830 --> 02:34:26.570 If anybody has any questions about the challenge, just let me know and we can try to clarify things for you. 02:36:03.490 --> 02:36:08.990 We'll be looking for a brave volunteer who wants to tell us how to solve the challenge here. 02:37:43.310 --> 02:37:46.590 And I've also posted an end-of-course survey. 02:37:46.590 --> 02:37:54.570 We can't use polls for surveys because the data is not persistent in Zoom, so we're using a separate polling thing. 02:37:54.570 --> 02:37:58.670 But if you could follow the link to do that poll, we'd appreciate your feedback . 02:37:58.670 --> 02:38:02.550 That'd be great to help us figure out how to improve the course for next time. 02:38:03.250 --> 02:38:14.030 So I'll give you another five minutes or so to think about the polls, our poll questions here, and then we'll pull together and talk about the challenge and then wrap it up. 02:39:22.570 --> 02:39:30.430 All right, not much attendance on the polls here, but let's go ahead and close that out and then we'll talk about our challenge. 02:39:32.010 --> 02:39:37.070 So, which of the following changes would not increase EV over NO? 02:39:37.070 --> 02:39:37.990 So data rate. 02:39:37.990 --> 02:39:43.930 So making a higher data rate would be the wrong way to go if I'm trying to increase EV over NO. 02:39:44.550 --> 02:39:48.430 To jam a satellite, you need to have some noise at the receiver. 02:39:48.430 --> 02:39:49.690 That would do the trick. 02:39:50.510 --> 02:39:56.170 Threat service software has not been static over the years. 02:39:56.170 --> 02:39:57.930 It's been growing. 02:39:58.110 --> 02:40:12.670 To spoof a satellite , you need to know all of the above things, which is a lot of things you have to be aware of, which means you probably need some sort of way to get into the details of people's design requirements. 02:40:13.510 --> 02:40:16.770 And space software is both light and agile. 02:40:16.770 --> 02:40:21.950 Actually, no, we're kind of the opposite of light and agile in the space business. 02:40:22.610 --> 02:40:25.370 All right, well, let's talk about the challenge. 02:40:25.410 --> 02:40:30.530 Do I have any brave soul online who wants to tackle the questions? 02:40:33.850 --> 02:40:38.510 Anybody feel confident about talking through how you think about these challenge questions? 02:40:44.010 --> 02:40:46.110 Only one person at a time. 02:40:48.050 --> 02:40:53.990 That's the nice thing about virtual presentations, the ability to remain anonymous is much higher. 02:40:53.990 --> 02:40:57.230 When you're in a classroom, it's sort of kind of hard to hide. 02:40:57.290 --> 02:41:03.210 You know, I can stand, I can hover over you and intimidate you to tackle it. 02:41:04.210 --> 02:41:07.010 It's less intimidating if we talk through it together. 02:41:07.010 --> 02:41:07.930 There we go. 02:41:07.930 --> 02:41:09.030 Let's do that. 02:41:10.190 --> 02:41:15.630 So, let's kind of talk through the background first. 02:41:15.670 --> 02:41:19.090 So, remember the background information here. 02:41:19.230 --> 02:41:33.970 So, I just want to highlight some things that come out of the background, you know, and as we approach these, you know, as you go forward and start thinking and working in this environment, yeah, we think about, you know, what kind of information should I be keying in on? 02:41:33.970 --> 02:41:38.050 So, on the first bullet there, we want to key in on the fact that the U.S. 02:41:38.050 --> 02:41:40.190 government is one of their largest customers. 02:41:40.190 --> 02:41:44.390 So, certainly everybody in the world is sort of fair game, but the U.S. 02:41:44.390 --> 02:41:47.150 government is sort of a high profile target. 02:41:47.150 --> 02:41:48.690 So, if you're supporting U.S. 02:41:48.690 --> 02:41:51.190 government, you're kind of putting a target on your back. 02:41:51.370 --> 02:42:00.430 So, that raises the threat potential up quite a bit, just the fact that they got, you know, government's one of their big customers. 02:42:00.930 --> 02:42:05.730 The next bullet has to do with the orbital mechanics, which we covered here within the class. 02:42:06.590 --> 02:42:18.430 So, just the type of orbit I'm in will, in this particular orbit, will limit the number of times a day that somebody could have access to that satellite from a given site. 02:42:18.550 --> 02:42:24.550 So, that really restricts when somebody could have had access to that satellite, you know, line of sight. 02:42:24.550 --> 02:42:30.870 So, that is a constraint that kind of narrows the window there in which somebody could have had access. 02:42:31.450 --> 02:42:39.990 The other thing to clue in on there is that the Wiley is operating, they're leasing ground stations from in Norway and Alaska. 02:42:39.990 --> 02:42:41.250 So, these are lease stations. 02:42:41.250 --> 02:42:47.070 So, these are companies that are basically just selling time on their ground site. 02:42:47.070 --> 02:42:56.010 So, these people, you know, so, you know, anytime like I'm leasing something, I don't have a lot of control over the software, the procedures, the personnel. 02:42:56.230 --> 02:43:00.270 You know, these people are just doing a job passing data from one person to another. 02:43:00.310 --> 02:43:05.030 They're going to work, you know, get my data right now, and 10 minutes from now, they'll get data from somebody else. 02:43:05.030 --> 02:43:11.510 They don't have any particular loyalties to me, my company, my data, my program, or anything, right? 02:43:11.510 --> 02:43:13.450 They're just doing a job. 02:43:13.530 --> 02:43:18.630 And that means I don't have a lot of insight too, because I'm basically buying by the minute. 02:43:18.630 --> 02:43:28.670 I probably can't demand to see all their software, procedures, or security reviews, or, you know, polygraph interviews with people if they do that. 02:43:28.670 --> 02:43:30.710 I don't have any right to ask that stuff, right? 02:43:30.710 --> 02:43:32.410 I'm just buying by the yard. 02:43:33.170 --> 02:43:37.710 And then finally, we got two other satellites in development, which is maybe a good thing. 02:43:37.710 --> 02:43:45.790 We ought to think about, okay, well, if there is a hard problem that we've come up with, maybe there's a chance to resolve that. 02:43:45.990 --> 02:43:47.970 Pete's saying, can you put that in the contract? 02:43:47.970 --> 02:43:49.350 You can try. 02:43:49.750 --> 02:44:02.770 But, you know, if I'm Universal Space Network, I probably have 100 customers, and I got one small customer coming in demanding a bunch of stuff for security, I might just tell them to take a hike. 02:44:02.770 --> 02:44:10.590 Like, sorry, I don't have the time to give you that, or I'm going to charge you a lot for that. 02:44:10.590 --> 02:44:14.410 So it just depends on how big of a lever you have. 02:44:14.410 --> 02:44:20.370 And if you're one of N customers, you probably don't have that big of a lever on that. 02:44:21.410 --> 02:44:34.890 So the other thing then to think about from an issue standpoint, so as I said, you know, this issue only impacted the health and status, which is not necessarily unusual. 02:44:35.050 --> 02:44:38.830 So that should not... it's not overtly suspicious. 02:44:38.830 --> 02:44:44.870 So that shouldn't necessarily raise any alarm bells, but it's a useful thing to be aware of. 02:44:45.910 --> 02:44:50.350 And so it appears the problem is just in how the protocols are implemented. 02:44:50.350 --> 02:45:00.790 So this tends to be a software thing where, you know, you're going to be taking all these ones and zeros and organizing them into packets and adding headers and footers and things like that. 02:45:00.870 --> 02:45:05.190 But it appears to be random, but it only appears to be on the header. 02:45:05.190 --> 02:45:11.890 So, but again, depending on how that packet protocol works, that is not necessarily suspicious either. 02:45:11.930 --> 02:45:19.170 You know, so, but, you know, but these are all things that just file away in the back of your mind before we tackle the question. 02:45:19.170 --> 02:45:25.290 So we always want to, you know, make sure we understand the lay of the land before we dive into the details of the question. 02:45:25.350 --> 02:45:30.230 So first question is, well, how do we know that if it's natural or manmade? 02:45:30.230 --> 02:45:36.410 So I put up here what's called a fishbone diagram or root cause analysis or Ishikawa diagram. 02:45:36.530 --> 02:45:42.330 Some of you may have seen these before, but they're a very useful tool to try to get at root cause. 02:45:42.910 --> 02:45:44.950 And we do it with without prejudice. 02:45:44.950 --> 02:45:47.170 We just, it's a brainstorming tool. 02:45:47.430 --> 02:45:50.450 And you can think of it as a mind map if you're used to mind maps. 02:45:50.450 --> 02:46:01.810 But so we say we kind of list, and you've all seen detective movies, right, where the detectives have the big board and they have the suspects and they have, you know, yarn going between everybody in circles and all that. 02:46:01.810 --> 02:46:03.010 I mean, that's kind of what this is. 02:46:03.010 --> 02:46:05.490 This is our suspect board. 02:46:05.510 --> 02:46:08.950 And so we say, well, who are the usual suspects, right? 02:46:08.950 --> 02:46:14.950 And equipment, process, people, materials, environment management, those tend to be the usual suspects. 02:46:15.830 --> 02:46:22.230 And we would lay out within those, okay, from an equipment standpoint, what could cause this problem? 02:46:22.230 --> 02:46:25.610 What from a process standpoint, what could cause this problem? 02:46:25.610 --> 02:46:27.610 And we're not trying to solve the problem. 02:46:27.610 --> 02:46:31.410 We're trying to say, who are the suspects in this problem? 02:46:31.410 --> 02:46:33.810 And then we can start whittling away. 02:46:33.810 --> 02:46:40.650 Once we've defined the trade space of options, then we can start whittling away. 02:46:40.650 --> 02:46:43.250 We can go interview the suspects, see if they have an alibi. 02:46:43.250 --> 02:46:46.510 If they have an alibi, then okay, then they're not a suspect anymore. 02:46:46.510 --> 02:46:49.930 But we'd be thinking about equipment on board. 02:46:50.230 --> 02:46:53.230 Okay, well, what about that equipment, hardware, software? 02:46:53.310 --> 02:46:54.590 Are there any processes? 02:46:54.590 --> 02:47:02.850 Maybe somebody on the ground did something wrong in the configuration, and it's being garbled on the ground. 02:47:02.850 --> 02:47:07.190 Maybe it's coming, it's fine on the spacecraft, it's getting garbled somewhere on the ground. 02:47:07.330 --> 02:47:10.070 Maybe there's people, maybe people that had poor training. 02:47:10.070 --> 02:47:15.430 Maybe there's people that are maliciously, you know, scrambling this on their own. 02:47:15.430 --> 02:47:16.250 I don't know. 02:47:17.090 --> 02:47:21.210 Environment, of course, would be the big thing to look at, single event upsets. 02:47:21.210 --> 02:47:33.290 And what we might do there is call up the space weather people and find out if there was any sort of large coronal mass ejection somewhere in that time period. 02:47:33.290 --> 02:47:43.610 You know, we're trying to correlate, you know, what the time, because we can sort of narrow down when it happened, because it seemed to be fine one pass, and then it wasn't fine the next pass. 02:47:43.610 --> 02:47:46.390 So that narrows down the window there. 02:47:46.390 --> 02:47:58.470 If there was any sort of specific thing going on, maybe there was a solar event that could have happened in that time frame, or maybe it was going through this area of the Van Allen belts, we call the South Atlantic Anomaly. 02:47:58.550 --> 02:48:04.490 You know, any of those things could, you know, raise our suspicion level. 02:48:06.030 --> 02:48:08.930 You're saying wouldn't that affect everything, not just the heterogeneity? 02:48:08.930 --> 02:48:10.230 Well, it's random, right? 02:48:10.230 --> 02:48:16.630 So all I need is one silver bullet to go into my software, and I don't know what it's going to do. 02:48:16.630 --> 02:48:26.610 You know, and if it just happened to affect the one place where that gets encoded on the headers, then, you know, I can't immediately rule that out. 02:48:26.970 --> 02:48:34.370 I mean, yeah, it's high, you know, low probability, but I don't, I wouldn't immediately rule that out, right? 02:48:34.810 --> 02:48:37.710 So I want to take a look at it, and I want to do this systematically. 02:48:37.710 --> 02:48:46.330 What we're trying to do is have an, you know, an unbiased, you know, let's not jump to conclusion and, you know, start launching nuclear weapons at bad guys because they attacked our satellite. 02:48:46.590 --> 02:48:51.570 We want to, you know, let's find a smoking gun, but let's do it methodically. 02:48:51.710 --> 02:48:56.490 So this is how I would go about trying to, to come to that root cause. 02:48:56.490 --> 02:49:02.530 And we may decide, no, there, you know, there's the probability of this being natural is just too low. 02:49:02.530 --> 02:49:07.590 It has to, and, you know, the, the impact is too, too systematic. 02:49:07.690 --> 02:49:09.690 It's not random enough. 02:49:09.910 --> 02:49:17.130 And therefore we might, you know, start to suspect, you know, people, which is, you know, malicious actors in that case. 02:49:17.770 --> 02:49:28.030 If it were environment, which is question two, again, we've been, as we've been talking, it's most likely a single event upset that could cause that, but, but not necessarily. 02:49:28.030 --> 02:49:33.910 It could be a, maybe thermal stress led to a problem with a processor or something like that. 02:49:33.910 --> 02:49:41.890 So, you know, there are other potential environmental causes as well, but single event upsets tends to be one that causes these sort of random events. 02:49:42.570 --> 02:49:46.730 But assuming it is malicious going to question three, where are the opportunities? 02:49:46.730 --> 02:49:51.430 Well, I mean, if it happened between passes, that's a pretty narrow opportunity. 02:49:51.430 --> 02:49:57.410 I say, I mean, maybe an hour, they could have had opportunity to do some sense, something directly in there. 02:49:57.450 --> 02:50:06.990 And again, that's not out of the question, but that would mean they would have had to actually command our satellite directly, which means they would have had to know all those things we talked about. 02:50:06.990 --> 02:50:12.550 They'd have to have the frequency, they'd have to have the encryption, they'd have to have the command codes. 02:50:13.010 --> 02:50:16.130 They'd really have to know our system very well. 02:50:17.130 --> 02:50:20.730 Not out of the question, but again, fairly low likelihood. 02:50:21.770 --> 02:50:27.150 So it would seem it's probably more likely that that came in somewhere sooner. 02:50:27.150 --> 02:50:39.610 And maybe it came in as a Trojan horse to be, you know, with a, with a time tag that says after, you know, you know, 30 hours from now or 30 weeks from now, implement this. 02:50:39.710 --> 02:50:42.470 And so, and so who knows when it was injected? 02:50:42.470 --> 02:50:47.170 It could have been all the way back to the factory, right? 02:50:47.170 --> 02:50:49.190 So we don't know at this point. 02:50:49.270 --> 02:50:52.690 But those are, so that's, that's the malicious thing. 02:50:52.690 --> 02:51:02.550 That's the scary thing about code is that, you know, you can put code in that can be sitting there, you know, kind of a sleeper agent to get, get activated who knows when. 02:51:03.510 --> 02:51:05.490 So what are the vulnerabilities then? 02:51:05.490 --> 02:51:12.130 Just, you know, again, if I'm talking about hundreds, you know, a satellite like this probably has hundreds of thousands of lines of code. 02:51:12.810 --> 02:51:17.090 Yeah, you could be hiding in there somewhere and maybe get overlooked. 02:51:17.090 --> 02:51:18.990 You can get overlooked during testing. 02:51:19.310 --> 02:51:25.310 In the fact that we've got these, we're using the ground stations that to me, that's a, that's a red flag. 02:51:25.310 --> 02:51:34.630 And it's just, you've got things outside your span of control, direct span of control that can be entry points for bad actors there. 02:51:35.510 --> 02:51:40.370 And then finally, we, because we have these guys still in the barn being, being developed. 02:51:40.370 --> 02:51:48.410 If it turns out the problem is a natural environment problem that our, our hardware maybe is not robust enough against single event upsets. 02:51:48.410 --> 02:51:51.370 I mean, we could consider swapping out processors. 02:51:51.370 --> 02:51:55.710 I mean, that's a pretty major design change, especially fairly late in the game. 02:51:55.850 --> 02:52:04.110 But if it turns out we're particularly vulnerable, or maybe there's some thermal issue that caused it. 02:52:04.310 --> 02:52:11.930 We may have to take a serious look at our design to see if we can mitigate that in, but through a design change. 02:52:11.970 --> 02:52:15.990 If it's code, we may have to do a full scrub. 02:52:15.990 --> 02:52:21.930 We may have to go back through and look at all the software grounded on board to see if there's anything hiding in there. 02:52:21.950 --> 02:52:24.610 And maybe we need to go take a look at our personnel. 02:52:24.610 --> 02:52:31.090 Maybe go to do a, you know, security check on our people and see if there's any, anything suspicious going on there. 02:52:31.090 --> 02:52:38.130 And somebody, you know, driving to work in a Ferrari and last week they had a, you know, junker car. 02:52:38.410 --> 02:52:41.010 And you know, where'd they get all the money all of a sudden kind of thing. 02:52:41.410 --> 02:52:43.050 You know, that might look suspicious. 02:52:43.050 --> 02:52:45.430 So, so those are things we could look at. 02:52:45.890 --> 02:52:50.270 Pete's asking if it was a code update, how would they consider do that for ones on orbit? 02:52:50.370 --> 02:52:56.430 Well, we can, we actually can change code on orbit pretty well. 02:52:56.430 --> 02:53:13.630 I mean, again, depending on the extent, you probably, you couldn't change your entire architecture maybe so much, but, but if it turns out that was, you know, this was lurking in one unit or module of code, we could, that would be a, you know, not, I would say easy thing to do, 02:53:13.630 --> 02:53:19.510 but it's a doable thing to re overwrite that code or patch around it or something like that. 02:53:19.510 --> 02:53:19.610 Yeah. 02:53:19.610 --> 02:53:22.970 We, we make code changes fairly often. 02:53:22.970 --> 02:53:27.970 I mean, you know, almost, you know, I would say routinely are making code changes on spacecraft. 02:53:27.970 --> 02:53:32.570 So that, that would not be a difficult thing to do depending on the extent. 02:53:32.570 --> 02:53:42.290 Now, again, if it's, you know, if it's corrupted badly, that might take a lot of surgery to fix, but, and we may not have a choice there if this is a problem. 02:53:44.210 --> 02:53:46.290 Anybody see, did I miss anything there? 02:53:46.290 --> 02:53:53.310 Any, any other issues or ideas that maybe we might want to think about as we tackle this, this challenge? 02:54:09.120 --> 02:54:10.000 All right. 02:54:10.000 --> 02:54:13.100 Well, we did pretty well then today. 02:54:13.100 --> 02:54:16.760 So let's recap what we did today. 02:54:16.760 --> 02:54:21.460 So we, we went through, we started with context. 02:54:21.460 --> 02:54:25.840 So we looked at that mission architecture and the reasons we went to space. 02:54:25.880 --> 02:54:28.040 We talked about opportunities. 02:54:28.040 --> 02:54:37.300 So we looked at orbits and operations, got you all up to speed on how to do a, you know, to become orbital mechanics. 02:54:37.300 --> 02:54:41.100 So you're getting ready to get out your wrench and fix an orbit next time. 02:54:42.220 --> 02:54:48.260 We looked at threats, natural and human threats, especially those natural threats and how insidious they can be. 02:54:48.260 --> 02:54:54.980 And, you know, just the, the denials of service we get on a day-to-day basis, just because space is a hard place to be. 02:54:55.100 --> 02:54:57.780 And then we finished up looking at those vulnerabilities. 02:54:57.780 --> 02:55:06.360 So the RF, RF links, spent some time looking at how we make sure that we get viable connections through the RF links. 02:55:06.360 --> 02:55:15.900 And then talked about the data architecture and overall data systems ground and on board that also become potential threat surfaces for us. 02:55:15.900 --> 02:55:17.680 So that was what we tried to cover. 02:55:17.940 --> 02:55:19.640 These were our objectives. 02:55:19.640 --> 02:55:25.200 So again, we're trying to climb that learning trajectory there from, from the pad all the way into orbit. 02:55:25.200 --> 02:55:27.600 Wanted you to have some core space knowledge. 02:55:27.600 --> 02:55:36.080 So you feel a little more confident talking to people about space issues and some of the limitations and capabilities and threats and vulnerabilities that are out there. 02:55:36.080 --> 02:55:41.260 Wanted you understand some of the trade-offs, especially as they apply to cybersecurity domain. 02:55:41.400 --> 02:55:48.260 Things like the access that you get from orbital mechanics and the, all the different things that happen in operations. 02:55:48.260 --> 02:55:57.800 There's nine different things that we laid out of, of activities and operations and, and any one of those can be a potential entree for a threat. 02:55:58.280 --> 02:56:04.940 The natural environment, I hope you had a, an appreciation for how hard that environment is just, you know, on a good day. 02:56:05.220 --> 02:56:13.940 And now when we throw bad actors in there, what, what, you know, relatively small changes can have big impact on overall mission operations. 02:56:14.400 --> 02:56:29.080 And then finally wanted you to be able to step back from some real world scenarios and apply the knowledge that we gained here in the class and be able to look at those critically to understand what kind of issues might come up and how would we think through these issues? 02:56:29.080 --> 02:56:33.500 And we're going to see these issues, I think, come up more and more over time. 02:56:33.500 --> 02:56:42.500 And we have to be able to, you know, differentiate the natural, naturally occurring problems from the unnaturally occurring ones, and then figure out what to do about it. 02:56:42.500 --> 02:56:48.040 I mean, we've got a, there's a lot of potential holes to plug here in terms of vulnerabilities. 02:56:48.060 --> 02:57:00.060 And we may be, you know, running around playing holes or all our life, but we have to be able to ready to identify those holes and think about what kinds of things we can do to address them going forward. 02:57:00.740 --> 02:57:03.340 So we thank you for your time and attention. 02:57:03.340 --> 02:57:04.160 Thanks, Terry. 02:57:04.160 --> 02:57:06.580 Thanks, Jason, for this. 02:57:06.580 --> 02:57:11.760 And we'll, I'll probably stop recording at this point. 02:57:12.260 --> 02:57:16.420 And I'll just kind of throw it open to any other questions. 02:57:16.560 --> 02:57:22.660 I'll hang around as long as anybody needs if they have questions, and we will go.