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0	6880	Automotive Ethernet. Who uses Automotive Ethernet? Why use Automotive Ethernet? And some technologies
6880	13740	to know. Who am I? Xavier D. Johnson, otherwise known as Infinite on Twitter. Born and raised
13740	20820	in the Motown. Hacking around since about 12. First mentor for Team 94. Techno J's.
20820	27060	Organizer of DC313. Director for MySecDetroit. And I host a show on YouTube called How the
27060	35260	Guy Hacked. Enough about me. Let's dig into what exactly is Automotive Ethernet. So electronics
35260	41180	in a car. They're split up into these things called domains. Powertrain domain. Body and
41180	47760	comfort domain. The human machine interface. Driver assistance. Chassis. These things do
47760	52600	anything from control steering and braking all the way to controlling your radios and
52600	59500	your windows and your seating. As well as allowing humans to be able to interface with
59500	68820	controls via interfaces. Things that actually control the machine. Automotive Ethernet is
68980	75180	a physical network that is used to connect components within a car using wires. So why
75180	84240	was Ethernet not used in vehicles before now? Well, Ethernet didn't meet the OEM requirements
84240	92140	for the automotive market. Basically 100 megabits per second and above Ethernet has too much radio
92140	101300	frequency noise. Too much alien noise on the wire from other devices inside of the car. So
101300	109540	Ethernet cannot guarantee low latency due to the low microsecond range that is required by
109540	117400	vehicles. And this was a hard requirement to replace any communication that needs fast reaction
117400	125020	times. Also, there was no way for Ethernet to be able to do time syncing between devices and
125020	132100	having multiple devices sample data at the same rate. So what are some of the use cases for
132100	141340	automotive Ethernet? Well, the different drivers of automotive Ethernet come from, of course,
141340	149860	those domains that we spoke about earlier. The complexity of the components and the wiring
149860	155480	harness to a vehicle. The wiring harness is actually the third costliest and third heaviest
155480	161780	component in a vehicle. So talking about costs, there's been a joint study between Broadcom and
161780	171460	Bosch that estimated using UTP cable to deliver data at a rate of 100 megabits per second along
171460	178660	with the smaller and more compact connectors can reduce connectivity costs up to 80% and
178660	188720	cabling weight down by 30%. So, you know, when we talk about the data rates via unshielded
188720	194900	twisted pair, you know, the electronics in cars are becoming much more complicated, more controllers,
194900	200020	more sensors, more interfaces, and all of this stuff requires higher bandwidth. So
201080	206860	these are some of the drivers behind the main motivators behind using automotive Ethernet.
206860	212820	So technologies that are entering the automotive space include self-driving connected cars,
212820	219200	augmented reality, vehicle-to-vehicle communications, and things like self-driving
219200	226300	require lasers and radars that can process anything, things much more faster than humans can
226300	233320	and more reliably than humans. And we can use these tools and these advancements to be able to do
233320	240120	things more efficiently and more effectively on the road doing things like platooning where cars
240120	247740	get close to one another so that they can occupy less space on the road and parking very closely
247740	253920	in parking spaces. Augmented reality, things like dashboards for the driver to be able to look
253920	258700	through the windshield and see things at a distance and be able to understand exactly, you know, what
258700	264040	those things are and categorize them and how far exactly they are away, how fast the driver's moving
264040	269260	towards it. If there's danger, you know, arrows could appear and let you know exactly how to avoid
269260	277220	the danger. And these technologies are considered for passengers as well, right? Connected cars,
277220	282040	which we're living through right now with the advancements in cellular and Wi-Fi connectivity,
282040	287540	this allows us to be able to communicate and do video streaming as well as remote diagnostics
287540	294440	and updating firmware, which usually require access to the internal networks and computers
294440	303730	in cars. So vehicle-to-vehicle communications allow cars to be able to speak to one another.
303960	312630	The NHTSA estimates that by using VtoV, 79% of target vehicle crashes would be avoided.
312630	319690	So we're talking about huge benefits and safety just by allowing us to be able to increase the
319690	324130	amount of technology censoring in the vehicles, but we're going to have to have networks that
324130	330850	can actually handle that bandwidth and capability. Digging deeper into these technologies, right? So
330850	337630	AutoSAR, the Automotive Open System Architecture, One Pair Ethernet, otherwise known as OPEN,
337630	345530	Power Over Ethernet or PoE, Energy Efficient Ethernet, EEE, Time Synchronization, as we
345530	351910	talked about that being a problem before, AV Bridging, Diagnostics over IP, which is extremely
351910	358790	exciting, and Time Triggered Ethernet. So digging into AutoSAR, it's an open,
358790	363930	standardized automotive architecture jointly developed by manufacturers and tool developers.
364490	373190	TCP, UDP, IP stack that is used in automotive components and is basically the standard that
373190	378930	all of the automotive industry came together and decided to agree on versus just
378930	388130	fragmenting out and working in silos. Broadcom made a physical chip, a PHY,
388410	394730	a standard called Broad R-Reach. This is allowing us to be able to enable longer distance
394730	400730	copper Ethernet connectivity at a sustained 100 megabits per second. It's using technology
401210	409350	from 1GE copper, including multi-level PAM3 signaling, better encoding, echo cancellers.
409350	416770	These allow for bi-directional data flows on a single pair. Due to lower bandwidth,
416770	422930	standard met the automotive EMI requirements and Broadcom started marketing this to the automotive
422930	429290	world. Power over Ethernet. It's used to further reduce the wiring needed since you can actually
429290	437990	power the end devices as well as sending data over that wire at the same time. So you're able to
437990	444250	power the device as well as get data over it without the need for having extra wiring to
444250	452270	power the device. Energy efficient Ethernet. So when you're dealing with cars, not all of
452270	458070	the electrical components turn off when the engine is turned off. So with that being said,
458070	465110	you have a drain on the battery and to minimize that, energy efficient Ethernet turns off the
465110	469950	network when it's not in use. So the components that don't need to be powered on stay off until
469950	478150	the engine turns on. This is to help with minimizing power consumption.
479370	484350	And so time synchronization. We talked about this. Time is a must. It needs to be synchronized
484350	495910	between all the nodes in the car. So the IEEE 802.1AS, timing and synchronization for time
495910	502730	sensitive applications and bridge local area networks is the standard to actually synchronize
502730	509590	timing. This uses a profile and introduces simpler, faster methods for choosing a master clock.
510690	516470	Time triggered Ethernet. Many controls in the car require communication latency in a single
516470	523450	microsecond range. Literally. So controllers can get sensor readings to control functions
523450	527930	of vehicles. And if we're talking about self-driving cars, we want to make sure that
527930	533670	the sensors have communication latency that is extremely low. So time triggered Ethernet
533670	539710	simplifies the design of this, creates fault tolerance and high availability. The safety and
539710	546670	redundancy are maintained upstream at the network level without any need for the application to be
546670	555290	involved. So for AV bridging, 802.1QAT, also known as stream reservation, is a simple protocol
555290	562670	to notify the various network elements in a path to reserve the resources needed to supply a
562670	571490	particular stream. And 801.1QAV, the queuing and forwarding for AV bridges, defines rules to ensure
571490	577930	that an AV stream will pass through the networks within the delayed specified time in the reservation.
581010	589370	ISO 13400 is a standard that is adopted by the automotive industry to both read out diagnostics
589370	596250	from the computers in the car and update firmware in a car. So this covers our diagnostics over IP
596250	602370	portion. The protocols run over TCP IP and are used both on dedicated diagnostics
602370	606730	Ethernet connections as well as over the air system such as GM OnStar.
608490	613210	Thank you very much. I hope that you learned a few new things about automotive Ethernet and
613210	617430	if you have any questions, please don't hesitate to hit me up on Twitter.
620270	628870	All right, Infinite, thank you very much for such a great overview of the automotive Ethernet.
630350	638450	Infinite will be available on the Discord channel. There's no real questions for him
638450	644330	right now, but if you need to get in touch with him, he will be on the Discord channel, Infinite.
646050	650330	So if you do have questions about automotive Ethernet later,
650330	659670	please get in touch with him directly. All right, guys, we're getting down to the last talks here
659670	669790	and the next talk is going to be about cloud to car communication. And if you guys have ever
669790	677370	heard anything about MQTT before, well, don't worry if you haven't because we will talk about
677370	687470	it here in about 47 minutes. So the next talk, we're going to be talking about this MQTT standard
687470	693980	and how to use it to hack your own car. So looking forward to that with Jamie.
694760	700960	All right, so we'll see you back here in about 47 minutes with the next talk.