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Let me tell you a story When I was young, I had dreams of glory All these mistakes Seemed to come like a flood Until my days, my days, they were done But I don't want to feel like a wishful thinking Pick myself up and move to the beat of my heart and my soul Sing a song for the dreamer

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Hello, I'm Pancake, and this is So You Got an SDR, Common Signals and the Wiki.

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And I'm doing this live, so it might be a little bit spicy.

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So don't mind if the OBS window shows up, because I couldn't get the window capture to work.

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Anyway, what I do.

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I stare at signals a lot.

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I have an SDR Play RSP-1A, which goes from 1 kHz to 2 GHz with about 8 MHz bandwidth.

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And with it, I use a very large delta loop up above my house, which is tuned for around 40 meters.

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And I also have a 6x6 foot square loop up in a tree, which is used for low VHF.

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It's tuned for something like 45 MHz.

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I have a general class license, which is important if you're doing radio things.

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And I got my technician's somewhere around when I was 13.

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And I'm biased towards HF.

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I much prefer HF, because of where I am.

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I'm in a semi-rural area.

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It's much easier for me to set up things.

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And also, because I'm out here, I have very little VHF and UHF capabilities, because there's just no signals up there.

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I barely even have cell signal here.

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I had to ask somebody to give me a picture of the cell signal.

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And I love the propagation dynamics of HF and low VHF.

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It's very interesting with ionosphere and sporadic E.

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And I contribute a lot to the Signal Identification Wiki and their Discord, as well as interact with Younghams through YARC, which is the Young Amateur Radio Club.

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And I have not made a PowerPoint since middle school, nor have I done a presentation since high school.

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So, it's been a while, so bear with me.

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So, what I hope to accomplish with this PowerPoint is show you that there's a lot more signals out there than just amateur radio signals and public communication stuff.

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I'm checking my phone for the Twitch chat.

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And we'll also show you a bunch of common signals that are asked of the Signal Identification Wiki.

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Because people, you know, go through their SDR, there is a lot to look at, especially if you have HF capabilities.

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So, I'll show some signals that are commonly asked about.

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And also, at the end, I will give you a brief idea of how to contribute to the Signal Identification Wiki.

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Which I quite like helping with.

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So, I'm going to start at VLF, LF, and MF, which is 0-3 MHz.

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Yes, technically I know there's ELF and ULF, but we're starting at 0.

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And since we're starting at 0, we're going to start with the human resonances.

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Which you probably will not be able to receive, because you need a pretty hefty antenna to be receiving that, because it's at 7.8 Hz.

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These are the resonances of the actual magnetosphere of Earth.

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So, they're pretty interesting.

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If you were to be able to generate a signal at that low, you'd be able to hear it ping, basically, the magnetosphere.

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It's a pretty interesting idea, but good luck doing that.

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And moving up from there, we have the Alpha Navigation Beacons, which are in Russia.

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They're used for hyperbolic navigation purposes.

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And they're at 11.9 kHz, I have a picture of it.

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The little bar on the left, you can barely see the little beeps.

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Unfortunately, I don't have an antenna that can receive those anymore.

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Moving along, we have submarine transmitters.

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There are many of submarine transmitters around the world.

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Most of them are between 16 to 26 kHz.

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They're 300 MHz wide, you can see them in that picture in the middle.

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They're the big, long stripes going up vertically.

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The strong one is Jim Creek, which is NLK at 24.8 kHz.

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They use minimum shift keying.

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They sound pretty neat.

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But you can't get anything out of them.

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And also down here, of course, there's lightning.

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Which I like to listen to.

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It sounds kind of like crackling and pops.

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Pretty interesting.

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And moving along, we also have...

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The lowest frequency time signals are all down here as well.

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In North America, it's WWVB, which is at 60 kHz.

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And on a good day, I can actually receive the JJY40 kHz.

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Which is all the way in Japan.

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And of course, Germany, Russia, France, and China also have these really low frequency time signals.

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And below 9 kHz, there's no allocations whatsoever.

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There's some people that actually try and transmit that low.

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Which I think is ridiculous.

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But DK7FC, if I remember correctly, is a call sign to look up if you're interested in super low stuff.

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There's also the 2200m band and the 630m amateur bands.

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Those are extremely difficult to transmit on.

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But it is quite possible, and people do do it.

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And there's actually a list of 630m transmitting people that you can find online.

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I don't remember how to find it, but there is one.

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In fact, there is... work all states is actually possible on 630m.

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But also, when you're down at VLF ranges and slightly above, there's just loads of power noise.

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So you have to be somewhere semi-rural in order to be able to really receive anything.

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And moving along...

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Moving up a frequency sum at about 190kHz, you'll start running into non-directional beacons.

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Which are beacons that just transmit three-letter codes in Norse, or two-letter, I believe.

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And at that link, you can find a massive list of all of them all across the world.

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These are for direction finding.

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If you get lost in the woods or something, I don't know.

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Oh, and ships.

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Ships use them, of course.

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I once spent like an hour trying to decode one that was barely readable in the noise.

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And it just turned out to be from the town 10 miles away.

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It was disappointing.

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Differential GPS is another thing that's over here.

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Ships use them.

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It's supplementary to normal GPS.

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It helps correct the GPS.

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By fixing the times or something.

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I don't quite remember.

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Navtex is also here at 518kHz.

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You can figure out and get maritime notifications.

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Stuff like, you need to turn in how much halibut you've caught.

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And there's also long-wave radio broadcasts, which there are none of in North America.

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That's kind of disappointing, and I haven't been able to receive any.

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Most of them are in Europe, to my knowledge.

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But it's basically just like short-wave, but way lower.

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You probably can't even find radios that pick up long-wave... well, normal radios.

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And the AM broadcast band is, of course, down this low.

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And it still exists.

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You might not be able to pick up any in your car, but it still exists.

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And in fact, if you look at this image around 1.5MHz there, you can see a signal that has rectangular stripes along its edge.

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And that's actually AM radio HD.

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And that can actually be decoded, I believe.

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I'm pretty sure that one can be decoded.

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And on a really good day from here, I can actually pick up AM radio stations as far as Japan and Korea.

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Which is pretty interesting.

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There is also a DX group for AM radio stations here in the Seattle area.

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Which has actually picked up stations as far as Iran.

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Unbelievably.

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Using the grey line propagation of the ionosphere around sunset.

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Which I think is ridiculous, considering the farthest I've heard is Japan.

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So now we're entering HF.

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HF is 3 to 30MHz.

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And the important thing about HF is that HF is completely affected by the ionosphere.

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And the ionosphere, if you're unaware, bounces signals all across the planet.

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On a good day, you can actually get a signal across most of the planet.

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This image here is a time lapse from 5AM to 10AM that I made.

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To show that as the sun rises, the D-layer of the ionosphere starts absorbing frequencies below about 10MHz.

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And above 10MHz becomes better at daytime.

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Anyway.

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But you could do a whole giant massive talk about the ionosphere, which I would like to do someday.

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But when people get HF, one of the first things they ask about is number stations.

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Because everybody's heard of number stations, especially the Russian ones.

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And I always tell them, just go to Pryom.

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They have all of the information you could ever possibly need about number stations.

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Some of them are in Morse, some of them have voice, some of them are MFSK, some of them are FSK, MN.

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For some reason, Cuba does theirs in RDFT, which is Redundant Digital File Transfer.

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It's very odd that image is of the RDFT signal that HM01 sends out.

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There's also letter stations, which kind of just show up as random Morse code.

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It's very weird.

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And you just try and decode it, and it's gibberish.

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And you can find more about those on the Enigma 2000 newsletter, which is made by SignalShed.

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And HM01 is run from Cuba, and they make mistakes a lot.

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Sometimes you can hear Windows noises.

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It's very odd, considering it's for spies.

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But, uh, yep.

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Also in HM, there's many, many radars, over-the-horizon radars.

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They go quite far, and there's many varieties of them.

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There's three images of radars that we have yet unnamed.

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Most people will run into the top two images.

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That top-left image is the type of radar I believe China and Russia use.

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We're not entirely sure.

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It's very hard to track these down, especially if you want to get a name for them.

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But those sometimes intrude on, like, the 20-meter and 40-meter band, and people get annoyed by that.

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But it's not really a huge issue.

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And that bottom image is actually, I believe, a pseudo-random noise radar, which they use very complex interferometry to get the signals out of.

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And if you were to look really, really hard at that image, you can see the radar code embedded in it.

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But there's other types of radars, too.

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There's relocatable ones, which show up as little rectangles that move all over the place.

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They're pretty annoying.

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I'm checking my things here.

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I don't know what an audio issue it is.

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Should be fine.

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Yeah, so the relocatable ones, they show up as little rectangles.

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They change frequencies a lot and sweeping speeds a lot.

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The top right image is of a probe for one of the other larger radars going across the band.

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And the bottom right one is a container-type radar, probably, which is one of the types that Russia uses.

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There's also research radars.

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CODAR is a type of radar.

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It's in that left image there, which is used to bounce off of ocean waves to get their height.

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And SuperDARN, which is the Super Dual Aurora Radar Network, is an educational... well, it's used by universities, so academic is a better word.

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So it's an academic radar that they use.

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They blast it up towards the North Pole to get a radar of plasma convection, if I remember correctly, for aurora-related things.

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There's also HAARP, which I've actually caught HAARP transmitting.

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That middle image there is some type of carrier that they were doing research with.

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HAARP does not actually do weather control like some conspiracy people say.

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In fact, you can tweet the head scientist on Twitter.

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He's a cool guy.

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And then there's Ionisons as well, which show up as diagonal sweeps that go from 1 to 40 MHz about.

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And those receive echoes from ionosphere layers, and you can get a rough estimate of propagation with them as well.

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And if you have everything set up, you can actually receive your own versions and make your own ionosphere graphs, but that requires a GPS-locked thing for perfect timing.

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It's very complicated, but interesting if you're capable of doing it.

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There's a talk that you can find for that somewhere.

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There's also on HF a ton of different military signals, and there's a lot of them.

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Some of them are overly complex, like the Japanese slot machine on the left, or the MIL-STD-188-110 Appendix A-16 Tone, which is in the middle.

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It's got weird diagonal stripes that show up.

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And they change these all of the time.

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In fact, in Europe, there's a guy that tries to decode these, just posting bits and stuff.

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You can't really get anything out of these unless you're staring at bits for the rest of your life, because they're all super encrypted.

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That fourth image is CIS-12, which sometimes intrudes on the 20-meter band, like it is in that image.

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There's also the Panther modem signals, which show up as little data bursts.

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I believe there's six data bursts when they're establishing a connection, and then after that, they just kind of go everywhere.

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And there's also HF, Global Communications System, which is by the United States Air Force.

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And that's actually just talking, but they say numbers and letters and stuff, and they have them using code names.

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You'll catch that at 4.724 MHz, usually.

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There's other ones, too.

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They go through the whole system.

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I guess that could be a number station, but one of the signals that's most asked about is STANAG-4285, because that's the second image that shows up all over the place, and everybody uses it.

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But the thing to know with it is that it is 2.7 kHz in bandwidth, and if you know what an ACF is, it has an ACF of 1,100, if I remember correctly.

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Also, on HF, there's a ton of time signals.

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WWV is well known at 2.55, 10, 15, 20, and 25 MHz.

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And, of course, there's also WWVH that shows up, but Canada, China, and Russia also have their own time signals at those frequencies listed there.

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The Canadian one's kind of interesting, because it has a modem beep noise.

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Well, it's not really a beep, but modem data burst, so you can sync your modem, or rather, you know, it can be received through the modem.

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That second image there, the tall, skinny one, was the time that the Russian one showed up at the 9.996 MHz.

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That one's kind of neat, it's got a lot of beeps.

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And if you're unaware, also, the WWV and WWVH one, they use separate tones.

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So if you see two tones, like in that image there, I believe it's 500 and 600 Hz tones, then that means you're receiving both of them at the same time.

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And also, the 510 and 15 MHz ones at WWVH in Hawaii are aimed west for islands like the Philippines and Guam and all those other islands that the United States sort of has a claim on.

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Well, not a claim, but, you know, where they occupy.

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And also, the WWVH has a female voice, where WWVH has a male voice.

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There's other things that they broadcast, such as space weather and stuff.

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You can find a list of that.

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And they also show the schedule on the hour, if I remember correctly.

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And obviously, there's shortwave radio on HF.

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Some people don't realize that this still exists, but it definitely does.

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There's only a couple stations in North America, and if you are listening to a station and you're not sure what it is, shortwaveradio.com or short-wave.info are very good resources to find out what you're listening to.

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And it's great for estimating propagation.

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Sometimes, you know, Greece will show up at 9,420 kHz.

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That one, they play some fun music.

214
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:24,600
But it also means that, you know, the ionosphere might have an opening up to Europe around 10 MHz on the 30 meter band.

215
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:26,820
So it might be time to try some FT8 there.

216
00:21:26,820 --> 00:21:33,680
But there's also DRM, which is a digital radio signal.

217
00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:37,840
And you can decode those with a program called Dream.

218
00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:46,700
You generally need a pretty good signal-to-noise ratio to decode these, because it's digital information.

219
00:21:46,700 --> 00:21:51,180
About 14 dB or higher is probably what's needed.

220
00:21:51,180 --> 00:21:55,260
And also, you want to make sure that it doesn't have any horrific fading.

221
00:21:55,260 --> 00:21:58,280
Otherwise, you know, you're losing data in the house.

222
00:21:58,280 --> 00:22:01,300
And you can see DRM in both of the images.

223
00:22:01,960 --> 00:22:10,460
The top right image is when the Russians were testing a DRM station on their east coast.

224
00:22:11,140 --> 00:22:18,060
Which, for some reason, played like a Matrix song every time they turned off for the day.

225
00:22:18,060 --> 00:22:19,580
That was interesting.

226
00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:24,340
But you can find more info on the schedules at hfcc.org.

227
00:22:25,080 --> 00:22:29,700
I personally like DRM.

228
00:22:30,900 --> 00:22:33,380
There's other signals on HF, of course.

229
00:22:33,380 --> 00:22:34,480
Modems.

230
00:22:34,520 --> 00:22:36,940
You've got Paktor modems.

231
00:22:36,940 --> 00:22:43,060
There's also the HFDL, which is for planes flying over the ocean.

232
00:22:43,060 --> 00:22:46,600
There's a program called Sorcerer that's very good at decoding those.

233
00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:53,860
And you can get their location and small messages, I guess, from those.

234
00:22:53,860 --> 00:22:57,960
There's GMDSS, which is for boats lost at sea.

235
00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:03,260
Well, not really lost, but they're doing things out there.

236
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:10,220
And that's for setting up calls between boats and also if they're in distress.

237
00:23:11,420 --> 00:23:15,780
ALE, which is in the bottom left image, is an MFK signal.

238
00:23:15,780 --> 00:23:17,660
It goes doodly doodly doodly doodly do.

239
00:23:17,840 --> 00:23:18,940
You'll know it when you hear it.

240
00:23:18,940 --> 00:23:20,880
It's about 2 or 3 seconds long.

241
00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:28,600
WEFAX is a common popular signal that people will receive and those can get you some interesting weather images, like in the bottom right.

242
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:32,040
Sinotor B is also known as NAVTEX.

243
00:23:32,060 --> 00:23:41,400
You can get maritime notifications, which the ones I receive are usually, hey, Russia's doing a missile test in this area.

244
00:23:41,420 --> 00:23:43,920
Don't take your boat out there.

245
00:23:44,420 --> 00:23:45,660
It's interesting.

246
00:23:45,660 --> 00:23:49,780
NFC is also technically a HF signal.

247
00:23:50,100 --> 00:23:57,240
And you'll find that at 13.56 MHz if you can, you know, receive it because they only go a couple feet.

248
00:23:57,240 --> 00:24:01,340
There's also experimental radio stock trading, interestingly.

249
00:24:01,500 --> 00:24:10,800
Supposedly, it goes from London to New York or Chicago or I don't remember what other place.

250
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:23,340
But people have been experimenting with that because it's slightly faster by, like, a couple milliseconds to do radio than to send it over the internet.

251
00:24:23,340 --> 00:24:34,320
There's also experimental markers, which they make a honking noise four times and then a three-letter Morse code, which will tell you where it's from.

252
00:24:34,320 --> 00:24:44,840
The other image I have here, the fourth image on the top row, is of the SOV modem, which is technically a military signal, I believe, which is from South Africa.

253
00:24:44,880 --> 00:24:48,220
That's worth noting because it's a very funky image.

254
00:24:48,520 --> 00:24:52,300
A funky signal that shows up at 4347.

255
00:24:58,460 --> 00:25:00,600
There's also lightning on HF.

256
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:06,480
If you ever see this type of thing on your SDR, you need to unplug your antenna, like, immediately.

257
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:12,860
This was across the state when this was happening, but it was still pretty hefty.

258
00:25:12,860 --> 00:25:26,260
Lightning can show up all the way up to about 14 MHz, probably higher if it's close, and can just absolutely ruin your waterfall.

259
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:29,380
But it does make neat noises sometimes.

260
00:25:29,380 --> 00:25:33,420
And of course, there's amateur radio all over HF.

261
00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:48,940
There's the 160 meter, which is technically MF, but there's also the 80 meter, 60 meter, 30 meter, 20 meter, 17 meter, 15, 12, 10 meters as well.

262
00:25:48,940 --> 00:25:53,380
But I'm glad this image was of Field Day 2019.

263
00:25:53,380 --> 00:26:00,820
There's a ton of Morse code flying around, and then you've got a row of PSK-31, mostly, and then two rows of FT-8 there.

264
00:26:00,820 --> 00:26:08,000
We get asked about FT-8 a lot on the signal identification wiki, because people don't realize what it is.

265
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:09,640
And it comes in strong, of course.

266
00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:12,700
Some people can receive FT-8 even without an antenna.

267
00:26:14,900 --> 00:26:23,820
And so, now we are at VHF, and I'm sort of running slow, but VHF, this is the land of Sporadic E.

268
00:26:23,820 --> 00:26:27,500
This is what Sporadic E can do to a 6 meter signal.

269
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:35,760
The left image is a normal day, and the right image was a fantastic day for 6 meters.

270
00:26:36,180 --> 00:26:40,260
But that's just an idea of what Sporadic E does.

271
00:26:40,260 --> 00:26:54,840
But in the low VHF band, you'll find public utility comms for rural areas, military signals, which are surprisingly just normal analog voice, and you're allowed to receive them.

272
00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:57,060
Doesn't seem like you should, but you can.

273
00:26:57,060 --> 00:27:03,320
That top left image, I believe, was two helicopters out for doing target practice.

274
00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:15,160
And also, there's SYNCARS, which is another military signal, and it uses packets that fly around because it's a frequency hopping spread spectrum.

275
00:27:15,160 --> 00:27:18,340
So it uses packets that fly around at 100 packets per second.

276
00:27:18,340 --> 00:27:19,820
It looks pretty neat.

277
00:27:21,360 --> 00:27:26,980
You won't be able to receive that, obviously, because it's super encrypted stuff.

278
00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:33,920
There's also remote telemetry stations that use meteor scatter propagation, like SNOTEL.

279
00:27:33,920 --> 00:27:38,520
SNOTEL is that image in the middle, which is snow telemetry.

280
00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,060
They have stations up in the mountains.

281
00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:49,380
And when a meteor comes through, the signal will get received, hopefully, from the ionization trail.

282
00:27:49,380 --> 00:27:51,220
The signal can bounce off of that.

283
00:27:51,360 --> 00:27:54,660
There's also still NTSC stations.

284
00:27:54,660 --> 00:27:56,420
There's none in the United States.

285
00:27:56,420 --> 00:28:04,420
There's a couple in Canada along the border, as well as a couple in Mexico and the Caribbean Islands that still exist.

286
00:28:04,420 --> 00:28:16,440
There's people that try and receive these, because you can receive an NTSC signal much further than the new digital television signals.

287
00:28:16,780 --> 00:28:25,620
And there's also the PRIMEX wireless clock syncing signal, which they use at schools and stuff to sync all of the clocks.

288
00:28:26,540 --> 00:28:34,900
Also, older remote control toys still use low VHF, somewhere around 70 MHz, usually.

289
00:28:35,960 --> 00:28:47,300
And that bottom image is actually an NTSC signal that was generated from a VCR and is being decoded by TVSharp.

290
00:28:47,300 --> 00:28:53,720
The guy that sent me that image is one of the guys that likes to do NTSC DXing.

291
00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:56,200
It's becoming very hard to do.

292
00:28:56,200 --> 00:29:01,080
But he once received a signal in Canada, all the way in Texas.

293
00:29:01,620 --> 00:29:05,600
And we were watching I Love Lucy, if I remember correctly.

294
00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,360
And also there's, of course, the FM broadcast band.

295
00:29:10,360 --> 00:29:19,780
If you look at this image, the rectangles on the sides of the FM broadcast signal are HD radio.

296
00:29:19,780 --> 00:29:22,860
I believe there's a program to decode these.

297
00:29:22,860 --> 00:29:26,400
It's a proprietary signal, so I'm not sure.

298
00:29:26,480 --> 00:29:29,600
But those are signals that newer cars can receive.

299
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:33,700
A bit clearer audio than normal FM signal.

300
00:29:35,020 --> 00:29:48,380
And above this, you start running into the airband, which there is VOR, which is used at small airports and such to get bearings on planes from their funky signal.

301
00:29:48,380 --> 00:29:51,800
It uses the phase correlation something.

302
00:29:51,980 --> 00:29:53,200
It's very complicated.

303
00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:56,580
There's, of course, airband comms in A cars.

304
00:29:56,580 --> 00:30:03,120
If you are interested in airband stuff, definitely look up what's used by the local airports.

305
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:15,040
A cars can be used to track planes, if I remember correctly, and also sends messages from the airports to planes.

306
00:30:15,540 --> 00:30:24,060
And, of course, there is the NOAA Meteor and Orbcom satellites as well in this area, around 137 MHz.

307
00:30:26,120 --> 00:30:27,900
People ask about these a lot.

308
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:31,760
They are very popular to receive the images from NOAA and Meteor.

309
00:30:32,020 --> 00:30:34,440
You can get some very nice satellite images.

310
00:30:35,120 --> 00:30:37,680
ISS is also over here.

311
00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:40,540
They are in the 2 meter band, usually.

312
00:30:40,540 --> 00:30:46,400
And, of course, right now they have been doing SSTV from there.

313
00:30:46,400 --> 00:30:51,100
They are much stronger than other VHF satellites.

314
00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:56,700
NOAA is only 2 watts or 1 watt or something, and ISS has been using 50 watts.

315
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:13,380
And, of course, there is the military VHF sats, around 260 MHz, that have become known because they have been hijacked by pirates, usually Brazilians and Russians, from what I understand.

316
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:15,540
They are just linear transponders.

317
00:31:15,720 --> 00:31:19,660
So, if you know the input frequency, you can just transmit onto them.

318
00:31:19,660 --> 00:31:21,000
However, that's very illegal.

319
00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:22,080
Don't do it.

320
00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:24,340
And I don't even know what they are.

321
00:31:24,540 --> 00:31:32,800
There is also MILSTAR, which uses an FHSS, Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, signal, which is the image on the right.

322
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:34,560
It sounds really dang neat.

323
00:31:36,860 --> 00:31:41,880
That middle image is another satellite, which I don't know what exactly it is.

324
00:31:41,880 --> 00:31:57,000
But, the left image, if you find 260 MHz, just like a solid rectangle, that's probably one of those satellites that has been used.

325
00:31:57,540 --> 00:32:02,560
Other signals in VHF include ATSC, which you can decode with GNU Radio.

326
00:32:02,980 --> 00:32:05,120
It's very CPU intensive.

327
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:13,960
One of the distinctive features of the ATSC signal is that it has a carrier on the left, which, as you can see, is just a little white line in that image.

328
00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:17,760
As well as it being 6 MHz across.

329
00:32:18,180 --> 00:32:24,200
There is also, of course, the NOAA Weather Radio, which is pretty neat.

330
00:32:24,340 --> 00:32:29,120
If you have a good antenna, you can generally receive a few of them.

331
00:32:29,180 --> 00:32:33,200
Like, I can receive four of them from here.

332
00:32:36,120 --> 00:32:47,400
And we've reached UHF, which is 300 MHz and 3 GHz, but I'm stopping at 2 GHz because that's the general maximum frequency that a lot of common SDRs use.

333
00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:54,880
And in UHF, there's no longer anything to do with the ionosphere.

334
00:32:54,880 --> 00:33:00,260
You end up with tropospheric propagation, which is very complicated and has to do with air density.

335
00:33:01,140 --> 00:33:11,520
And most of UHF is for LMR, land mobile radio stuff, which you need to look up your local frequencies for.

336
00:33:11,520 --> 00:33:26,600
As I was learning to make this presentation, there's a lot more frequency bands that people use for public safety comms than what is around here.

337
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:33,780
Around here, we only have stuff at 150 MHz and 460 MHz, or whatever it is.

338
00:33:33,820 --> 00:33:39,740
But there's also radio stuff at 700, 800, and 500 MHz in some cities.

339
00:33:39,740 --> 00:33:44,560
You should really look up what is used in your county or city.

340
00:33:44,560 --> 00:33:53,160
And there's digital voice modes, like P25DMR, NXDN, DSTAR, Fusion, and in Europe, there's Tetra.

341
00:33:53,540 --> 00:34:06,600
They all look like fuzzy lines, and you can decode those with DSD+, or if you use the SDR Sharp, I think there's specifically a plugin for Tetra.

342
00:34:07,820 --> 00:34:20,460
But with public safety comms, the dispatch signal is usually analog, but everything else is going to be digital and using trunking, which we'll get to.

343
00:34:20,680 --> 00:34:24,480
GMRS and FRS is walkie-talkies in businesses.

344
00:34:25,180 --> 00:34:29,380
Licensed channels can be encrypted, others can't be.

345
00:34:29,380 --> 00:34:43,540
And that law code there at the bottom allows you to listen to everything, as long as you're not breaking encryption.

346
00:34:46,260 --> 00:34:49,120
Because it's perfectly legal to listen to these things.

347
00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:53,520
It doesn't seem like it, but it is, unless they make an attempt to encrypt it.

348
00:34:54,280 --> 00:35:02,700
Trunked radio systems, like I said, a lot of police and public safety stuff will use trunked radio systems.

349
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:07,780
This could be an entire talk in and of itself, if you look at these images.

350
00:35:07,780 --> 00:35:23,000
The ones that are on all the time are the control channels, and then the control channels tell the radios what frequencies to go to for the other voice channels, and it hops around.

351
00:35:23,520 --> 00:35:33,160
And you can use DSD Plus with Fastlane, or SDR Trunk is another program you can use for trunked radio systems.

352
00:35:33,160 --> 00:35:39,700
These can be very complicated, and like I said, you can do a whole talk on just trunked radio systems.

353
00:35:41,120 --> 00:35:47,760
The control channel sounds different, usually, than the voice comm digital signals.

354
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:52,300
Another thing you can do an entire talk on is cell signals.

355
00:35:52,300 --> 00:35:58,700
Like I said, I had to ask somebody for pictures of cell signals, because we barely receive any from here.

356
00:35:58,980 --> 00:36:09,480
The left image is a 4G WCDMA signal, and the right image is an LTE high-speed 300 megabits per second signal.

357
00:36:10,540 --> 00:36:16,580
People have been using SDRs to see where 5G signals have popped up.

358
00:36:16,580 --> 00:36:18,380
There's none around here that I know of.

359
00:36:18,380 --> 00:36:20,740
Even in Seattle, I don't think there's any yet.

360
00:36:21,380 --> 00:36:25,100
But the people around LA have been seeing a few.

361
00:36:26,320 --> 00:36:32,640
And it is illegal to interact with these signals, by the way, to my knowledge.

362
00:36:32,640 --> 00:36:34,440
You should probably look it up.

363
00:36:35,340 --> 00:36:40,860
You can look at them, but you can't receive them, to my knowledge.

364
00:36:41,980 --> 00:36:51,160
Also in UHF, you have the ISM bands, 433 MHz and 902 to 928 MHz.

365
00:36:51,160 --> 00:36:53,360
This could also be an entire other talk.

366
00:36:53,360 --> 00:36:58,920
In fact, there usually is talks about these signals in the wireless village.

367
00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:03,960
But they'll be just little bursts of data all over the place.

368
00:37:03,960 --> 00:37:04,860
A lot of them.

369
00:37:04,860 --> 00:37:11,580
If you're in an apartment complex or something, or in a city, you will just see a ton of these little bursts going around.

370
00:37:11,580 --> 00:37:16,400
They're usually AFSK signals, which is audio frequency shift keying.

371
00:37:16,640 --> 00:37:24,540
Some of them can be decoded, but unless you know exactly what you're looking at, you're going to end up staring at bits forever.

372
00:37:26,340 --> 00:37:34,840
ADS-B is, of course, another signal up here at 1090 MHz.

373
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:37,340
And this is used by planes.

374
00:37:37,340 --> 00:37:45,900
They send out near real-time GPS information and speed information and altitude.

375
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:48,600
And these can be tracked.

376
00:37:49,460 --> 00:37:54,480
You can do it yourself with RTL-1090 or DUMP-1090.

377
00:37:54,600 --> 00:38:01,600
It's pretty popular to set up a station to receive these and then pump the results out to something.

378
00:38:01,660 --> 00:38:04,460
ADS-B exchange is my favorite.

379
00:38:04,460 --> 00:38:09,920
You can find out what all the planes are usually that are flying overhead from there.

380
00:38:09,920 --> 00:38:15,440
But again, this is another signal type where you can do an entire talk on this.

381
00:38:15,440 --> 00:38:21,720
And people have done entire talks on ADS-B because it is incredibly complicated and there's a lot to do with it.

382
00:38:22,080 --> 00:38:29,020
This signal is actually of the interrogator signal, which is sent out from airports, I believe.

383
00:38:29,640 --> 00:38:34,160
Other signals in UHF, you've got radiosondes, which are weather balloons.

384
00:38:34,160 --> 00:38:35,540
And you can track these.

385
00:38:35,540 --> 00:38:37,380
The top image is there.

386
00:38:37,380 --> 00:38:39,380
You've got the thing showing the tracking.

387
00:38:39,380 --> 00:38:44,600
And then the middle one, you have the actual signal itself, or one of the types of signals.

388
00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:52,740
And also there's pagers up here at 329 to 336 MHz.

389
00:38:52,740 --> 00:39:00,000
It is illegal to receive these because there's usually confidential information sent.

390
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:04,840
Pagers are usually used by places like prisons and hospitals.

391
00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:13,560
If you were to generate your own signal, though, you can use a program called PDW to decode them.

392
00:39:13,560 --> 00:39:16,740
There's also fixed microwave links.

393
00:39:17,060 --> 00:39:24,180
They usually go between transmitter sites or other types of things.

394
00:39:24,180 --> 00:39:25,800
You can see that in the bottom image.

395
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:29,000
They're just really big, fuzzy blobs, usually.

396
00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:34,520
SCADA is another thing, which is used for industrial automation and telemetry.

397
00:39:35,340 --> 00:39:41,560
They just kind of stick random data in there, and it gets modulated.

398
00:39:41,560 --> 00:39:50,020
GPS signals, it starts at about 1.2 GHz and goes to 1.3 GHz for the normal GPS signal.

399
00:39:50,020 --> 00:39:53,360
Unfortunately, the wiki currently does not have an image of GPS.

400
00:39:53,360 --> 00:39:56,420
If you can get a GPS signal, please add it to the wiki.

401
00:39:56,420 --> 00:40:06,040
But there's also the one at 1.5 GHz, which is another type of GPS signal.

402
00:40:07,140 --> 00:40:13,700
And also the hydrogen line at 1.42 GHz, which is kind of famously at 21 centimeters.

403
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:19,280
If you watch Star Trek The Next Generation, that comes up once or twice.

404
00:40:20,160 --> 00:40:29,160
That you can point up at the sky and see the signal generated by hydrogen.

405
00:40:29,600 --> 00:40:32,180
If you point it at the Milky Way, you'll get a bit of a signal there.

406
00:40:32,180 --> 00:40:33,560
It's pretty interesting.

407
00:40:34,220 --> 00:40:41,800
There's also the GOES satellites, which use high-resolution picture transmission at 1.67 to 1.71 GHz.

408
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:48,100
You can get some very nice satellite images that are in color.

409
00:40:49,340 --> 00:40:51,780
If you can receive them.

410
00:40:52,340 --> 00:41:00,120
But now that we've kind of hit 2 GHz, so the wiki, the signal ID wiki, you can contribute to it.

411
00:41:00,120 --> 00:41:01,680
Anybody can contribute to it.

412
00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:07,440
The wiki is only as good as the people that contribute to it.

413
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:11,420
So, we need more contributions constantly.

414
00:41:11,420 --> 00:41:14,840
You can find those on the requested page on what we want.

415
00:41:14,840 --> 00:41:18,400
There's things like GPS for some reason that hasn't been added.

416
00:41:18,460 --> 00:41:22,280
There's a couple types of cell signals that we don't have any information on.

417
00:41:22,620 --> 00:41:28,820
There's also, I'm sure, a ton of stuff in VHF and UHF that we have yet to add to the wiki.

418
00:41:29,240 --> 00:41:38,620
And if you wish to explore an SDR, that link there is a very good SDR that gets HF 0 to 30 MHz.

419
00:41:38,660 --> 00:41:40,280
It's the one most people use.

420
00:41:40,280 --> 00:41:43,740
Another thing with the wiki, there is a Discord.

421
00:41:43,740 --> 00:41:49,260
There's instructions on the website on how to get into the Discord.

422
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:58,720
If you're watching this DEF CON talk, you can actually PM me on Discord and I can send you a link if you're serious about helping.

423
00:42:00,080 --> 00:42:04,880
But yes, there's a lot of nerds in the Discord if you ever have any questions.

424
00:42:05,300 --> 00:42:07,480
They're very, very good at signals.

425
00:42:07,500 --> 00:42:09,720
Way better than me at some of them.

426
00:42:11,820 --> 00:42:12,300
Anyway...

427
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:12,900
Thank you!

428
00:42:12,900 --> 00:42:14,420
Thank you for watching this presentation.

429
00:42:14,420 --> 00:42:20,680
You can follow me on Twitter at PancakeFM if you like Star Trek memes and Array-related tweets.

430
00:42:20,680 --> 00:42:27,840
And special thanks to Cartoon Man and Notipa, which are the SIGID admins and also the other wiki contributors.

431
00:42:27,840 --> 00:42:31,560
And also my friends who have encouraged me to do this presentation.

432
00:42:32,020 --> 00:42:32,840
Alright.

433
00:42:33,140 --> 00:42:34,240
I think that's it.

434
00:42:34,240 --> 00:42:36,180
I think it's this button.

435
00:42:37,300 --> 00:42:38,440
There we go.

436
00:42:38,440 --> 00:42:38,840
Alright.

437
00:42:38,840 --> 00:42:39,580
Q&A.

438
00:42:39,580 --> 00:42:50,420
If you are in the DEF CON server, you can go to HRV presentation text and I can answer some questions.

439
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:53,280
If you have any questions.

440
00:42:53,280 --> 00:42:54,500
Hopefully you do.

441
00:42:55,500 --> 00:42:56,520
Howdy!

442
00:42:59,590 --> 00:43:00,610
Goodness.

443
00:43:00,610 --> 00:43:02,570
I hope that went slightly smoothly.

444
00:43:04,430 --> 00:43:06,450
Anybody got any questions?

445
00:43:06,730 --> 00:43:09,950
Again, it's in the DEF CON main server.

446
00:43:10,390 --> 00:43:13,110
And it's the HRV presentation text.

447
00:43:13,110 --> 00:43:15,110
What's the strangest signal I've come across?

448
00:43:15,110 --> 00:43:21,630
One of the strangest signals is that Sava modem from South Africa.

449
00:43:21,630 --> 00:43:28,210
It uses a combination of Teletype and MFSK and a couple other things.

450
00:43:28,210 --> 00:43:29,590
It's very weird.

451
00:43:30,430 --> 00:43:32,090
What software do I use?

452
00:43:32,090 --> 00:43:33,730
I use HDSDR.

453
00:43:33,730 --> 00:43:37,110
I think it's one of the nicer programs.

454
00:43:38,310 --> 00:43:41,550
It runs better than SDRSharp.

455
00:43:45,410 --> 00:43:48,430
Any resources for beginning SDR analysis?

456
00:43:48,430 --> 00:43:49,830
Honestly, go to the wiki.

457
00:43:50,610 --> 00:43:52,690
The wiki has a ton of signals.

458
00:43:52,690 --> 00:43:57,210
If you see any signal, it's almost guaranteed to be on the wiki.

459
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:06,620
Programs for decoding signals?

460
00:44:06,620 --> 00:44:07,980
Sorcerer is very good.

461
00:44:08,460 --> 00:44:12,100
MultiPSK is a very old program, but it works.

462
00:44:13,780 --> 00:44:16,480
Have I seen any ATSC 3 signals?

463
00:44:16,480 --> 00:44:18,440
No, but I've heard that they're rolling out.

464
00:44:18,440 --> 00:44:22,360
I've seen some images of them on Twitter from other radio dorks.

465
00:44:22,700 --> 00:44:27,160
I think it looks slightly different from normal ATSC.

466
00:44:31,340 --> 00:44:35,780
Pagers are kind of complicated because of the confidential information.

467
00:44:36,680 --> 00:44:42,920
I think it's technically legal to receive them, but you can't store the pager data.

468
00:44:42,920 --> 00:44:44,340
It's really odd.

469
00:44:45,070 --> 00:44:51,530
You can receive them, sort of, but you should probably check the rules yourself.

470
00:44:53,930 --> 00:44:56,010
Any other questions?

471
00:45:03,440 --> 00:45:08,640
How do you recommend following trunking with a single SDR?

472
00:45:08,640 --> 00:45:14,300
SDR trunk and DSD plus and Fastlane together.

473
00:45:14,300 --> 00:45:17,860
I believe those two programs can do trunking.

474
00:45:17,860 --> 00:45:29,280
I haven't done trunking signals stuff because we barely have any VHF and UHF signals around here.

475
00:45:29,280 --> 00:45:34,660
And yeah, always check your local laws if you're questioning anything.

476
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:49,400
Is it possible to modify FM radio receivers to cover a wider range?

477
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:50,800
I have no idea.

478
00:45:50,800 --> 00:45:57,300
It might be possible, but probably not much further than the air band or slightly below.

479
00:45:58,040 --> 00:46:09,320
Because those radio receivers are generally pretty specified to just normal 80-105 MHz area.

480
00:46:22,370 --> 00:46:23,890
I actually really like radars.

481
00:46:23,890 --> 00:46:25,570
That's why there are so many radar images.

482
00:46:26,130 --> 00:46:29,910
Have you found unencrypted car key fobs that were replayable?

483
00:46:29,910 --> 00:46:32,310
Yeah, there's supposedly a bunch.

484
00:46:32,310 --> 00:46:37,650
I haven't found any because I just don't look for them.

485
00:46:42,090 --> 00:46:47,090
Yeah, the pager stuff is complicated, definitely.

486
00:46:54,180 --> 00:46:58,360
But from what I understand, a lot of car key fobs can be replayable.

487
00:46:58,360 --> 00:47:02,660
I don't think very many of them are encrypted in any way.

488
00:47:02,660 --> 00:47:05,440
It's usually just a number that it sends to them.

489
00:47:05,520 --> 00:47:07,700
What kind of antennas do I use?

490
00:47:08,120 --> 00:47:18,360
I have a delta loop, which is about 150 feet of wire in a big triangle above the house.

491
00:47:18,360 --> 00:47:24,800
I use that for HF, and that's tuned for about 40 meters with 7 MHz.

492
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:30,660
And that basically actually covers all of HF and lower, like VLF.

493
00:47:30,660 --> 00:47:32,860
I can get a little bit of VLF on it.

494
00:47:32,960 --> 00:47:34,420
Works pretty well.

495
00:47:34,420 --> 00:47:47,640
And then I have an antenna as well that's a 6x6 foot loop that is tuned for around 45 MHz to get the low VHF band stuff like the military comms that's used in the area.

496
00:47:56,120 --> 00:47:59,000
Can you recommend a generic transmitter?

497
00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:04,400
I don't do much transmitting actually, and the transmitting I do do is just ham radio stuff.

498
00:48:05,820 --> 00:48:08,520
So, just on the normal ham bands.

499
00:48:08,520 --> 00:48:19,420
But from what I understand, stuff like the HackRF and BladeRF can transmit a little bit if you're just doing IOT related stuff.

500
00:48:20,400 --> 00:48:25,440
And there's, again, laws involved with transmitting that you probably want to look up.

501
00:48:31,390 --> 00:48:33,110
Is there any other questions?

502
00:48:33,110 --> 00:48:36,370
Because I think I'm about out of my time slot now.

503
00:48:41,680 --> 00:48:48,860
I will be in the HRV presentation voice after I stop streaming.

504
00:48:49,260 --> 00:48:50,080
Yes, it's a great talk.

505
00:48:50,080 --> 00:48:50,840
Thank you.

506
00:48:51,560 --> 00:48:53,160
I was very nervous to do it.

507
00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:55,240
Yes.

508
00:48:55,420 --> 00:48:56,080
Alright.

509
00:48:56,240 --> 00:48:56,780
See you later.

510
00:48:56,780 --> 00:49:01,880
Again, I'll be in the HRV presentation voice channel if you have any questions after I stop.

511
00:49:02,020 --> 00:49:02,720
Thank you.

512
00:49:18,140 --> 00:49:21,400
Thank you.

513
00:49:34,080 --> 00:49:35,380
Thank you.

514
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:11,600
Thank you.

515
00:50:44,920 --> 00:50:45,520
Thank you.