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34980	46740	Let me tell you a story When I was young, I had dreams of glory
49210	55140	All these mistakes Seemed to come like a flood
57100	69400	Until my days, my days, they were done But I don't want to feel like a wishful thinking
69400	74760	Pick myself up and move to the beat of my heart and my soul
74760	77060	Sing a song for the dreamer
93040	98580	Hello, I'm Pancake, and this is So You Got an SDR, Common Signals and the Wiki.
98620	101720	And I'm doing this live, so it might be a little bit spicy.
105000	110400	So don't mind if the OBS window shows up, because I couldn't get the window capture to work.
110400	115240	Anyway, what I do. I stare at signals a lot.
115240	123580	I have an SDR Play RSP-1A, which goes from 1 kHz to 2 GHz with about 8 MHz bandwidth.
124200	134940	And with it, I use a very large delta loop up above my house, which is tuned for around 40 meters.
134940	146580	And I also have a 6x6 foot square loop up in a tree, which is used for low VHF. It's tuned for something like 45 MHz.
146580	152080	I have a general class license, which is important if you're doing radio things.
152260	156440	And I got my technician's somewhere around when I was 13.
156440	167660	And I'm biased towards HF. I much prefer HF, because of where I am. I'm in a semi-rural area. It's much easier for me to set up things.
169160	177220	And also, because I'm out here, I have very little VHF and UHF capabilities, because there's just no signals up there.
177260	183500	I barely even have cell signal here. I had to ask somebody to give me a picture of the cell signal.
183500	192920	And I love the propagation dynamics of HF and low VHF. It's very interesting with ionosphere and sporadic E.
193120	203400	And I contribute a lot to the Signal Identification Wiki and their Discord, as well as interact with Younghams through YARC, which is the Young Amateur Radio Club.
203400	211600	And I have not made a PowerPoint since middle school, nor have I done a presentation since high school. So, it's been a while, so bear with me.
212620	221420	So, what I hope to accomplish with this PowerPoint is show you that there's a lot more signals out there than just amateur radio signals and public communication stuff.
222280	225380	I'm checking my phone for the Twitch chat.
225380	234920	And we'll also show you a bunch of common signals that are asked of the Signal Identification Wiki.
235080	242920	Because people, you know, go through their SDR, there is a lot to look at, especially if you have HF capabilities.
243360	245920	So, I'll show some signals that are commonly asked about.
247100	253700	And also, at the end, I will give you a brief idea of how to contribute to the Signal Identification Wiki.
254260	257400	Which I quite like helping with.
257440	263080	So, I'm going to start at VLF, LF, and MF, which is 0-3 MHz.
263080	269160	Yes, technically I know there's ELF and ULF, but we're starting at 0.
270160	274340	And since we're starting at 0, we're going to start with the human resonances.
274340	286020	Which you probably will not be able to receive, because you need a pretty hefty antenna to be receiving that, because it's at 7.8 Hz.
286020	290720	These are the resonances of the actual magnetosphere of Earth.
291920	294160	So, they're pretty interesting.
294160	301600	If you were to be able to generate a signal at that low, you'd be able to hear it ping, basically, the magnetosphere.
301600	305380	It's a pretty interesting idea, but good luck doing that.
306220	311480	And moving up from there, we have the Alpha Navigation Beacons, which are in Russia.
311500	315900	They're used for hyperbolic navigation purposes.
316940	320500	And they're at 11.9 kHz, I have a picture of it.
320500	324000	The little bar on the left, you can barely see the little beeps.
324180	327520	Unfortunately, I don't have an antenna that can receive those anymore.
329800	333020	Moving along, we have submarine transmitters.
333020	336840	There are many of submarine transmitters around the world.
336840	340060	Most of them are between 16 to 26 kHz.
340060	343800	They're 300 MHz wide, you can see them in that picture in the middle.
344380	347940	They're the big, long stripes going up vertically.
348180	354920	The strong one is Jim Creek, which is NLK at 24.8 kHz.
354920	358240	They use minimum shift keying. They sound pretty neat.
358640	360660	But you can't get anything out of them.
360660	362800	And also down here, of course, there's lightning.
363560	367700	Which I like to listen to. It sounds kind of like crackling and pops.
367960	369600	Pretty interesting.
370980	373920	And moving along, we also have...
374640	378740	The lowest frequency time signals are all down here as well.
378740	384100	In North America, it's WWVB, which is at 60 kHz.
384100	391060	And on a good day, I can actually receive the JJY40 kHz.
391060	393820	Which is all the way in Japan.
394000	400420	And of course, Germany, Russia, France, and China also have these really low frequency time signals.
404820	409100	And below 9 kHz, there's no allocations whatsoever.
409100	412000	There's some people that actually try and transmit that low.
412000	413620	Which I think is ridiculous.
413900	421320	But DK7FC, if I remember correctly, is a call sign to look up if you're interested in super low stuff.
421420	426380	There's also the 2200m band and the 630m amateur bands.
426380	431520	Those are extremely difficult to transmit on.
431520	434040	But it is quite possible, and people do do it.
434180	440600	And there's actually a list of 630m transmitting people that you can find online.
440600	443620	I don't remember how to find it, but there is one.
443760	449500	In fact, there is... work all states is actually possible on 630m.
449500	456060	But also, when you're down at VLF ranges and slightly above, there's just loads of power noise.
456060	461220	So you have to be somewhere semi-rural in order to be able to really receive anything.
462280	465180	And moving along...
465180	473600	Moving up a frequency sum at about 190kHz, you'll start running into non-directional beacons.
473840	481200	Which are beacons that just transmit three-letter codes in Norse, or two-letter, I believe.
481280	487280	And at that link, you can find a massive list of all of them all across the world.
487280	490140	These are for direction finding.
490660	495020	If you get lost in the woods or something, I don't know.
495020	497200	Oh, and ships. Ships use them, of course.
498040	504500	I once spent like an hour trying to decode one that was barely readable in the noise.
504500	508740	And it just turned out to be from the town 10 miles away. It was disappointing.
510360	514020	Differential GPS is another thing that's over here. Ships use them.
514040	516600	It's supplementary to normal GPS.
516740	519620	It helps correct the GPS.
522360	525980	By fixing the times or something. I don't quite remember.
526200	530980	Navtex is also here at 518kHz.
531300	537000	You can figure out and get maritime notifications.
537200	542620	Stuff like, you need to turn in how much halibut you've caught.
544140	548500	And there's also long-wave radio broadcasts, which there are none of in North America.
548500	551400	That's kind of disappointing, and I haven't been able to receive any.
551400	553720	Most of them are in Europe, to my knowledge.
554360	557520	But it's basically just like short-wave, but way lower.
558720	563400	You probably can't even find radios that pick up long-wave... well, normal radios.
566300	569620	And the AM broadcast band is, of course, down this low.
569620	574220	And it still exists. You might not be able to pick up any in your car, but it still exists.
574220	587240	And in fact, if you look at this image around 1.5MHz there, you can see a signal that has rectangular stripes along its edge.
587240	589700	And that's actually AM radio HD.
590360	596280	And that can actually be decoded, I believe. I'm pretty sure that one can be decoded.
596280	603460	And on a really good day from here, I can actually pick up AM radio stations as far as Japan and Korea.
603460	605380	Which is pretty interesting.
605380	614460	There is also a DX group for AM radio stations here in the Seattle area.
614460	618720	Which has actually picked up stations as far as Iran.
618800	620200	Unbelievably.
620840	626300	Using the grey line propagation of the ionosphere around sunset.
626300	630400	Which I think is ridiculous, considering the farthest I've heard is Japan.
632100	634280	So now we're entering HF.
634480	637080	HF is 3 to 30MHz.
637660	644580	And the important thing about HF is that HF is completely affected by the ionosphere.
644580	649620	And the ionosphere, if you're unaware, bounces signals all across the planet.
649620	654800	On a good day, you can actually get a signal across most of the planet.
655750	661150	This image here is a time lapse from 5AM to 10AM that I made.
661380	672010	To show that as the sun rises, the D-layer of the ionosphere starts absorbing frequencies below about 10MHz.
674420	679760	And above 10MHz becomes better at daytime.
679760	681020	Anyway.
681020	686600	But you could do a whole giant massive talk about the ionosphere, which I would like to do someday.
687780	693620	But when people get HF, one of the first things they ask about is number stations.
694040	698040	Because everybody's heard of number stations, especially the Russian ones.
698040	700540	And I always tell them, just go to Pryom.
700540	710100	They have all of the information you could ever possibly need about number stations.
710100	716620	Some of them are in Morse, some of them have voice, some of them are MFSK, some of them are FSK, MN.
716700	724720	For some reason, Cuba does theirs in RDFT, which is Redundant Digital File Transfer.
724720	729740	It's very odd that image is of the RDFT signal that HM01 sends out.
729740	737440	There's also letter stations, which kind of just show up as random Morse code.
737440	741800	It's very weird. And you just try and decode it, and it's gibberish.
741820	748440	And you can find more about those on the Enigma 2000 newsletter, which is made by SignalShed.
748980	753400	And HM01 is run from Cuba, and they make mistakes a lot.
753560	759520	Sometimes you can hear Windows noises. It's very odd, considering it's for spies.
760860	764060	But, uh, yep.
765320	770080	Also in HM, there's many, many radars, over-the-horizon radars.
770480	775740	They go quite far, and there's many varieties of them.
775740	780760	There's three images of radars that we have yet unnamed.
781540	786380	Most people will run into the top two images.
786600	792580	That top-left image is the type of radar I believe China and Russia use.
792900	798420	We're not entirely sure. It's very hard to track these down, especially if you want to get a name for them.
798520	806980	But those sometimes intrude on, like, the 20-meter and 40-meter band, and people get annoyed by that.
806980	809320	But it's not really a huge issue.
809320	821580	And that bottom image is actually, I believe, a pseudo-random noise radar, which they use very complex interferometry to get the signals out of.
821800	828240	And if you were to look really, really hard at that image, you can see the radar code embedded in it.
828620	837580	But there's other types of radars, too. There's relocatable ones, which show up as little rectangles that move all over the place.
838440	842840	They're pretty annoying. I'm checking my things here.
844160	848260	I don't know what an audio issue it is. Should be fine.
851680	860080	Yeah, so the relocatable ones, they show up as little rectangles. They change frequencies a lot and sweeping speeds a lot.
860080	867980	The top right image is of a probe for one of the other larger radars going across the band.
868060	874820	And the bottom right one is a container-type radar, probably, which is one of the types that Russia uses.
878610	890490	There's also research radars. CODAR is a type of radar. It's in that left image there, which is used to bounce off of ocean waves to get their height.
890490	900910	And SuperDARN, which is the Super Dual Aurora Radar Network, is an educational... well, it's used by universities, so academic is a better word.
900910	918750	So it's an academic radar that they use. They blast it up towards the North Pole to get a radar of plasma convection, if I remember correctly, for aurora-related things.
918750	929390	There's also HAARP, which I've actually caught HAARP transmitting. That middle image there is some type of carrier that they were doing research with.
931310	943430	HAARP does not actually do weather control like some conspiracy people say. In fact, you can tweet the head scientist on Twitter. He's a cool guy.
943430	964930	And then there's Ionisons as well, which show up as diagonal sweeps that go from 1 to 40 MHz about. And those receive echoes from ionosphere layers, and you can get a rough estimate of propagation with them as well.
965590	992270	And if you have everything set up, you can actually receive your own versions and make your own ionosphere graphs, but that requires a GPS-locked thing for perfect timing. It's very complicated, but interesting if you're capable of doing it. There's a talk that you can find for that somewhere.
993050	1020270	There's also on HF a ton of different military signals, and there's a lot of them. Some of them are overly complex, like the Japanese slot machine on the left, or the MIL-STD-188-110 Appendix A-16 Tone, which is in the middle. It's got weird diagonal stripes that show up.
1020270	1042010	And they change these all of the time. In fact, in Europe, there's a guy that tries to decode these, just posting bits and stuff. You can't really get anything out of these unless you're staring at bits for the rest of your life, because they're all super encrypted.
1042010	1049890	That fourth image is CIS-12, which sometimes intrudes on the 20-meter band, like it is in that image.
1050690	1064630	There's also the Panther modem signals, which show up as little data bursts. I believe there's six data bursts when they're establishing a connection, and then after that, they just kind of go everywhere.
1064630	1086170	And there's also HF, Global Communications System, which is by the United States Air Force. And that's actually just talking, but they say numbers and letters and stuff, and they have them using code names. You'll catch that at 4.724 MHz, usually.
1087150	1106830	There's other ones, too. They go through the whole system. I guess that could be a number station, but one of the signals that's most asked about is STANAG-4285, because that's the second image that shows up all over the place, and everybody uses it.
1106830	1130170	But the thing to know with it is that it is 2.7 kHz in bandwidth, and if you know what an ACF is, it has an ACF of 1,100, if I remember correctly. Also, on HF, there's a ton of time signals.
1130170	1150370	WWV is well known at 2.55, 10, 15, 20, and 25 MHz. And, of course, there's also WWVH that shows up, but Canada, China, and Russia also have their own time signals at those frequencies listed there.
1150370	1176050	The Canadian one's kind of interesting, because it has a modem beep noise. Well, it's not really a beep, but modem data burst, so you can sync your modem, or rather, you know, it can be received through the modem. That second image there, the tall, skinny one, was the time that the Russian one showed up at the 9.996 MHz. That one's kind of neat, it's got a lot of beeps.
1176050	1196870	And if you're unaware, also, the WWV and WWVH one, they use separate tones. So if you see two tones, like in that image there, I believe it's 500 and 600 Hz tones, then that means you're receiving both of them at the same time.
1196870	1217140	And also, the 510 and 15 MHz ones at WWVH in Hawaii are aimed west for islands like the Philippines and Guam and all those other islands that the United States sort of has a claim on. Well, not a claim, but, you know, where they occupy.
1219180	1235980	And also, the WWVH has a female voice, where WWVH has a male voice. There's other things that they broadcast, such as space weather and stuff. You can find a list of that. And they also show the schedule on the hour, if I remember correctly.
1236700	1262440	And obviously, there's shortwave radio on HF. Some people don't realize that this still exists, but it definitely does. There's only a couple stations in North America, and if you are listening to a station and you're not sure what it is, shortwaveradio.com or short-wave.info are very good resources to find out what you're listening to.
1262440	1286820	And it's great for estimating propagation. Sometimes, you know, Greece will show up at 9,420 kHz. That one, they play some fun music. But it also means that, you know, the ionosphere might have an opening up to Europe around 10 MHz on the 30 meter band. So it might be time to try some FT8 there.
1286820	1311180	But there's also DRM, which is a digital radio signal. And you can decode those with a program called Dream. You generally need a pretty good signal-to-noise ratio to decode these, because it's digital information. About 14 dB or higher is probably what's needed.
1311180	1330460	And also, you want to make sure that it doesn't have any horrific fading. Otherwise, you know, you're losing data in the house. And you can see DRM in both of the images. The top right image is when the Russians were testing a DRM station on their east coast.
1331140	1349700	Which, for some reason, played like a Matrix song every time they turned off for the day. That was interesting. But you can find more info on the schedules at hfcc.org. I personally like DRM.
1350900	1373860	There's other signals on HF, of course. Modems. You've got Paktor modems. There's also the HFDL, which is for planes flying over the ocean. There's a program called Sorcerer that's very good at decoding those. And you can get their location and small messages, I guess, from those.
1373860	1390220	There's GMDSS, which is for boats lost at sea. Well, not really lost, but they're doing things out there. And that's for setting up calls between boats and also if they're in distress.
1391420	1408600	ALE, which is in the bottom left image, is an MFK signal. It goes doodly doodly doodly doodly do. You'll know it when you hear it. It's about 2 or 3 seconds long. WEFAX is a common popular signal that people will receive and those can get you some interesting weather images, like in the bottom right.
1408600	1437240	Sinotor B is also known as NAVTEX. You can get maritime notifications, which the ones I receive are usually, hey, Russia's doing a missile test in this area. Don't take your boat out there. It's interesting. NFC is also technically a HF signal. And you'll find that at 13.56 MHz if you can, you know, receive it because they only go a couple feet.
1437240	1463340	There's also experimental radio stock trading, interestingly. Supposedly, it goes from London to New York or Chicago or I don't remember what other place. But people have been experimenting with that because it's slightly faster by, like, a couple milliseconds to do radio than to send it over the internet.
1463340	1492300	There's also experimental markers, which they make a honking noise four times and then a three-letter Morse code, which will tell you where it's from. The other image I have here, the fourth image on the top row, is of the SOV modem, which is technically a military signal, I believe, which is from South Africa. That's worth noting because it's a very funky image. A funky signal that shows up at 4347.
1498460	1512860	There's also lightning on HF. If you ever see this type of thing on your SDR, you need to unplug your antenna, like, immediately. This was across the state when this was happening, but it was still pretty hefty.
1512860	1529380	Lightning can show up all the way up to about 14 MHz, probably higher if it's close, and can just absolutely ruin your waterfall. But it does make neat noises sometimes.
1529380	1548940	And of course, there's amateur radio all over HF. There's the 160 meter, which is technically MF, but there's also the 80 meter, 60 meter, 30 meter, 20 meter, 17 meter, 15, 12, 10 meters as well.
1548940	1572700	But I'm glad this image was of Field Day 2019. There's a ton of Morse code flying around, and then you've got a row of PSK-31, mostly, and then two rows of FT-8 there. We get asked about FT-8 a lot on the signal identification wiki, because people don't realize what it is. And it comes in strong, of course. Some people can receive FT-8 even without an antenna.
1574900	1600260	And so, now we are at VHF, and I'm sort of running slow, but VHF, this is the land of Sporadic E. This is what Sporadic E can do to a 6 meter signal. The left image is a normal day, and the right image was a fantastic day for 6 meters. But that's just an idea of what Sporadic E does.
1600260	1623320	But in the low VHF band, you'll find public utility comms for rural areas, military signals, which are surprisingly just normal analog voice, and you're allowed to receive them. Doesn't seem like you should, but you can. That top left image, I believe, was two helicopters out for doing target practice.
1623320	1639820	And also, there's SYNCARS, which is another military signal, and it uses packets that fly around because it's a frequency hopping spread spectrum. So it uses packets that fly around at 100 packets per second. It looks pretty neat.
1641360	1661060	You won't be able to receive that, obviously, because it's super encrypted stuff. There's also remote telemetry stations that use meteor scatter propagation, like SNOTEL. SNOTEL is that image in the middle, which is snow telemetry. They have stations up in the mountains.
1661800	1684420	And when a meteor comes through, the signal will get received, hopefully, from the ionization trail. The signal can bounce off of that. There's also still NTSC stations. There's none in the United States. There's a couple in Canada along the border, as well as a couple in Mexico and the Caribbean Islands that still exist.
1684420	1705620	There's people that try and receive these, because you can receive an NTSC signal much further than the new digital television signals. And there's also the PRIMEX wireless clock syncing signal, which they use at schools and stuff to sync all of the clocks.
1706540	1714900	Also, older remote control toys still use low VHF, somewhere around 70 MHz, usually.
1715960	1733720	And that bottom image is actually an NTSC signal that was generated from a VCR and is being decoded by TVSharp. The guy that sent me that image is one of the guys that likes to do NTSC DXing.
1733720	1745600	It's becoming very hard to do. But he once received a signal in Canada, all the way in Texas. And we were watching I Love Lucy, if I remember correctly.
1746040	1762860	And also there's, of course, the FM broadcast band. If you look at this image, the rectangles on the sides of the FM broadcast signal are HD radio. I believe there's a program to decode these.
1762860	1773700	It's a proprietary signal, so I'm not sure. But those are signals that newer cars can receive. A bit clearer audio than normal FM signal.
1775020	1793200	And above this, you start running into the airband, which there is VOR, which is used at small airports and such to get bearings on planes from their funky signal. It uses the phase correlation something. It's very complicated.
1793200	1803120	There's, of course, airband comms in A cars. If you are interested in airband stuff, definitely look up what's used by the local airports.
1804000	1815040	A cars can be used to track planes, if I remember correctly, and also sends messages from the airports to planes.
1815540	1824060	And, of course, there is the NOAA Meteor and Orbcom satellites as well in this area, around 137 MHz.
1826120	1834440	People ask about these a lot. They are very popular to receive the images from NOAA and Meteor. You can get some very nice satellite images.
1835120	1851100	ISS is also over here. They are in the 2 meter band, usually. And, of course, right now they have been doing SSTV from there. They are much stronger than other VHF satellites.
1851100	1856700	NOAA is only 2 watts or 1 watt or something, and ISS has been using 50 watts.
1860200	1873380	And, of course, there is the military VHF sats, around 260 MHz, that have become known because they have been hijacked by pirates, usually Brazilians and Russians, from what I understand.
1873400	1882080	They are just linear transponders. So, if you know the input frequency, you can just transmit onto them. However, that's very illegal. Don't do it.
1882080	1884340	And I don't even know what they are.
1884540	1894560	There is also MILSTAR, which uses an FHSS, Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, signal, which is the image on the right. It sounds really dang neat.
1896860	1901880	That middle image is another satellite, which I don't know what exactly it is.
1901880	1917000	But, the left image, if you find 260 MHz, just like a solid rectangle, that's probably one of those satellites that has been used.
1917540	1925120	Other signals in VHF include ATSC, which you can decode with GNU Radio. It's very CPU intensive.
1925120	1933960	One of the distinctive features of the ATSC signal is that it has a carrier on the left, which, as you can see, is just a little white line in that image.
1934840	1937760	As well as it being 6 MHz across.
1938180	1949120	There is also, of course, the NOAA Weather Radio, which is pretty neat. If you have a good antenna, you can generally receive a few of them.
1949180	1953200	Like, I can receive four of them from here.
1956120	1967400	And we've reached UHF, which is 300 MHz and 3 GHz, but I'm stopping at 2 GHz because that's the general maximum frequency that a lot of common SDRs use.
1968360	1980260	And in UHF, there's no longer anything to do with the ionosphere. You end up with tropospheric propagation, which is very complicated and has to do with air density.
1981140	1991520	And most of UHF is for LMR, land mobile radio stuff, which you need to look up your local frequencies for.
1991520	2006600	As I was learning to make this presentation, there's a lot more frequency bands that people use for public safety comms than what is around here.
2006600	2013780	Around here, we only have stuff at 150 MHz and 460 MHz, or whatever it is.
2013820	2024560	But there's also radio stuff at 700, 800, and 500 MHz in some cities. You should really look up what is used in your county or city.
2024560	2033160	And there's digital voice modes, like P25DMR, NXDN, DSTAR, Fusion, and in Europe, there's Tetra.
2033540	2046600	They all look like fuzzy lines, and you can decode those with DSD+, or if you use the SDR Sharp, I think there's specifically a plugin for Tetra.
2047820	2060460	But with public safety comms, the dispatch signal is usually analog, but everything else is going to be digital and using trunking, which we'll get to.
2060680	2069380	GMRS and FRS is walkie-talkies in businesses. Licensed channels can be encrypted, others can't be.
2069380	2083540	And that law code there at the bottom allows you to listen to everything, as long as you're not breaking encryption.
2086260	2093520	Because it's perfectly legal to listen to these things. It doesn't seem like it, but it is, unless they make an attempt to encrypt it.
2094280	2102700	Trunked radio systems, like I said, a lot of police and public safety stuff will use trunked radio systems.
2102700	2107780	This could be an entire talk in and of itself, if you look at these images.
2107780	2123000	The ones that are on all the time are the control channels, and then the control channels tell the radios what frequencies to go to for the other voice channels, and it hops around.
2123520	2133160	And you can use DSD Plus with Fastlane, or SDR Trunk is another program you can use for trunked radio systems.
2133160	2139700	These can be very complicated, and like I said, you can do a whole talk on just trunked radio systems.
2141120	2147760	The control channel sounds different, usually, than the voice comm digital signals.
2148800	2158700	Another thing you can do an entire talk on is cell signals. Like I said, I had to ask somebody for pictures of cell signals, because we barely receive any from here.
2158980	2169480	The left image is a 4G WCDMA signal, and the right image is an LTE high-speed 300 megabits per second signal.
2170540	2180740	People have been using SDRs to see where 5G signals have popped up. There's none around here that I know of. Even in Seattle, I don't think there's any yet.
2181380	2185100	But the people around LA have been seeing a few.
2186320	2192640	And it is illegal to interact with these signals, by the way, to my knowledge.
2192640	2200860	You should probably look it up. You can look at them, but you can't receive them, to my knowledge.
2201980	2211160	Also in UHF, you have the ISM bands, 433 MHz and 902 to 928 MHz.
2211160	2218920	This could also be an entire other talk. In fact, there usually is talks about these signals in the wireless village.
2219680	2224860	But they'll be just little bursts of data all over the place. A lot of them.
2224860	2231580	If you're in an apartment complex or something, or in a city, you will just see a ton of these little bursts going around.
2231580	2236400	They're usually AFSK signals, which is audio frequency shift keying.
2236640	2244540	Some of them can be decoded, but unless you know exactly what you're looking at, you're going to end up staring at bits forever.
2246340	2254840	ADS-B is, of course, another signal up here at 1090 MHz.
2255600	2265900	And this is used by planes. They send out near real-time GPS information and speed information and altitude.
2265900	2274480	And these can be tracked. You can do it yourself with RTL-1090 or DUMP-1090.
2274600	2281600	It's pretty popular to set up a station to receive these and then pump the results out to something.
2281660	2289920	ADS-B exchange is my favorite. You can find out what all the planes are usually that are flying overhead from there.
2289920	2295440	But again, this is another signal type where you can do an entire talk on this.
2295440	2301720	And people have done entire talks on ADS-B because it is incredibly complicated and there's a lot to do with it.
2302080	2309020	This signal is actually of the interrogator signal, which is sent out from airports, I believe.
2309640	2314160	Other signals in UHF, you've got radiosondes, which are weather balloons.
2314160	2319380	And you can track these. The top image is there. You've got the thing showing the tracking.
2319380	2324600	And then the middle one, you have the actual signal itself, or one of the types of signals.
2326200	2332740	And also there's pagers up here at 329 to 336 MHz.
2332740	2340000	It is illegal to receive these because there's usually confidential information sent.
2340000	2344840	Pagers are usually used by places like prisons and hospitals.
2344840	2353560	If you were to generate your own signal, though, you can use a program called PDW to decode them.
2353560	2364180	There's also fixed microwave links. They usually go between transmitter sites or other types of things.
2364180	2369000	You can see that in the bottom image. They're just really big, fuzzy blobs, usually.
2369000	2374520	SCADA is another thing, which is used for industrial automation and telemetry.
2375340	2381560	They just kind of stick random data in there, and it gets modulated.
2381560	2390020	GPS signals, it starts at about 1.2 GHz and goes to 1.3 GHz for the normal GPS signal.
2390020	2396420	Unfortunately, the wiki currently does not have an image of GPS. If you can get a GPS signal, please add it to the wiki.
2396420	2406040	But there's also the one at 1.5 GHz, which is another type of GPS signal.
2407140	2413700	And also the hydrogen line at 1.42 GHz, which is kind of famously at 21 centimeters.
2413700	2419280	If you watch Star Trek The Next Generation, that comes up once or twice.
2420160	2429160	That you can point up at the sky and see the signal generated by hydrogen.
2429600	2433560	If you point it at the Milky Way, you'll get a bit of a signal there. It's pretty interesting.
2434220	2441800	There's also the GOES satellites, which use high-resolution picture transmission at 1.67 to 1.71 GHz.
2441800	2448100	You can get some very nice satellite images that are in color.
2449340	2451780	If you can receive them.
2452340	2460120	But now that we've kind of hit 2 GHz, so the wiki, the signal ID wiki, you can contribute to it.
2460120	2467440	Anybody can contribute to it. The wiki is only as good as the people that contribute to it.
2467440	2474840	So, we need more contributions constantly. You can find those on the requested page on what we want.
2474840	2478400	There's things like GPS for some reason that hasn't been added.
2478460	2482280	There's a couple types of cell signals that we don't have any information on.
2482620	2488820	There's also, I'm sure, a ton of stuff in VHF and UHF that we have yet to add to the wiki.
2489240	2498620	And if you wish to explore an SDR, that link there is a very good SDR that gets HF 0 to 30 MHz.
2498660	2500280	It's the one most people use.
2500280	2509260	Another thing with the wiki, there is a Discord. There's instructions on the website on how to get into the Discord.
2509400	2518720	If you're watching this DEF CON talk, you can actually PM me on Discord and I can send you a link if you're serious about helping.
2520080	2524880	But yes, there's a lot of nerds in the Discord if you ever have any questions.
2525300	2529720	They're very, very good at signals. Way better than me at some of them.
2531820	2532300	Anyway...
2532300	2540680	Thank you! Thank you for watching this presentation. You can follow me on Twitter at PancakeFM if you like Star Trek memes and Array-related tweets.
2540680	2547840	And special thanks to Cartoon Man and Notipa, which are the SIGID admins and also the other wiki contributors.
2547840	2551560	And also my friends who have encouraged me to do this presentation.
2552020	2556180	Alright. I think that's it. I think it's this button.
2557300	2558440	There we go.
2558440	2570420	Alright. Q&A. If you are in the DEF CON server, you can go to HRV presentation text and I can answer some questions.
2571700	2574500	If you have any questions. Hopefully you do.
2575500	2576520	Howdy!
2579590	2582570	Goodness. I hope that went slightly smoothly.
2584430	2586450	Anybody got any questions?
2586730	2589950	Again, it's in the DEF CON main server.
2590390	2593110	And it's the HRV presentation text.
2593110	2601630	What's the strangest signal I've come across? One of the strangest signals is that Sava modem from South Africa.
2601630	2609590	It uses a combination of Teletype and MFSK and a couple other things. It's very weird.
2610430	2617110	What software do I use? I use HDSDR. I think it's one of the nicer programs.
2618310	2621550	It runs better than SDRSharp.
2625410	2629830	Any resources for beginning SDR analysis? Honestly, go to the wiki.
2630610	2637210	The wiki has a ton of signals. If you see any signal, it's almost guaranteed to be on the wiki.
2644200	2652100	Programs for decoding signals? Sorcerer is very good. MultiPSK is a very old program, but it works.
2653780	2662360	Have I seen any ATSC 3 signals? No, but I've heard that they're rolling out. I've seen some images of them on Twitter from other radio dorks.
2662700	2667160	I think it looks slightly different from normal ATSC.
2671340	2675780	Pagers are kind of complicated because of the confidential information.
2676680	2684340	I think it's technically legal to receive them, but you can't store the pager data. It's really odd.
2685070	2691530	You can receive them, sort of, but you should probably check the rules yourself.
2693930	2696010	Any other questions?
2703440	2708640	How do you recommend following trunking with a single SDR?
2708640	2717860	SDR trunk and DSD plus and Fastlane together. I believe those two programs can do trunking.
2717860	2729280	I haven't done trunking signals stuff because we barely have any VHF and UHF signals around here.
2729280	2734660	And yeah, always check your local laws if you're questioning anything.
2744900	2749400	Is it possible to modify FM radio receivers to cover a wider range?
2749400	2757300	I have no idea. It might be possible, but probably not much further than the air band or slightly below.
2758040	2769320	Because those radio receivers are generally pretty specified to just normal 80-105 MHz area.
2782370	2785570	I actually really like radars. That's why there are so many radar images.
2786130	2789910	Have you found unencrypted car key fobs that were replayable?
2789910	2797650	Yeah, there's supposedly a bunch. I haven't found any because I just don't look for them.
2802090	2807090	Yeah, the pager stuff is complicated, definitely.
2814180	2822660	But from what I understand, a lot of car key fobs can be replayable. I don't think very many of them are encrypted in any way.
2822660	2825440	It's usually just a number that it sends to them.
2825520	2827700	What kind of antennas do I use?
2828120	2838360	I have a delta loop, which is about 150 feet of wire in a big triangle above the house.
2838360	2844800	I use that for HF, and that's tuned for about 40 meters with 7 MHz.
2844800	2854420	And that basically actually covers all of HF and lower, like VLF. I can get a little bit of VLF on it. Works pretty well.
2854420	2867640	And then I have an antenna as well that's a 6x6 foot loop that is tuned for around 45 MHz to get the low VHF band stuff like the military comms that's used in the area.
2876120	2879000	Can you recommend a generic transmitter?
2879000	2884400	I don't do much transmitting actually, and the transmitting I do do is just ham radio stuff.
2885820	2888520	So, just on the normal ham bands.
2888520	2899420	But from what I understand, stuff like the HackRF and BladeRF can transmit a little bit if you're just doing IOT related stuff.
2900400	2905440	And there's, again, laws involved with transmitting that you probably want to look up.
2911390	2916370	Is there any other questions? Because I think I'm about out of my time slot now.
2921680	2928860	I will be in the HRV presentation voice after I stop streaming.
2929260	2933160	Yes, it's a great talk. Thank you. I was very nervous to do it.
2934600	2941880	Yes. Alright. See you later. Again, I'll be in the HRV presentation voice channel if you have any questions after I stop.
2942020	2942720	Thank you.
2958140	2961400	Thank you.
2974080	2975380	Thank you.
3010200	3011600	Thank you.
3044920	3045520	Thank you.