WEBVTT 00:00.720 --> 00:02.880 Hello friends, Joe here from HackerBoxes. 00:02.920 --> 00:04.760 Today we're going to learn how to solder. 00:05.360 --> 00:14.480 And we're going to learn to solder using this cool little kit, which we call a badge buddy. 00:16.020 --> 00:19.660 It has some blinking LEDs and a battery and a switch. 00:19.660 --> 00:22.520 So not many components, it's pretty easy to make. 00:22.520 --> 00:24.900 It's a nice first start if you haven't soldered before. 00:25.600 --> 00:27.800 So first let's talk about what is soldering. 00:27.800 --> 00:34.220 So soldering is just melting solder, which is an alloy, a metal alloy, that has a very low melting point. 00:34.220 --> 00:45.480 So we melt the solder using a soldering iron, a tool like this, and we melt it between things that we want to connect together, usually connecting them electrically, although we will discuss that there's more to it than that. 00:46.200 --> 00:54.460 We see things that are soldered all the time and we have the entire world around us is full of electronic gizmos that have components soldered onto circuit boards. 00:54.680 --> 00:58.300 So it's a big part of our lives whether we stop and think about it or not. 00:58.300 --> 01:05.980 Being able to solder is a really nice skill to have because you can repair things, modify things, connect wires to things to read data in and out of them. 01:06.260 --> 01:09.800 It's a really excellent hacker skill, a nice DIY skill. 01:10.440 --> 01:17.440 Once you get into it, you'll find that it comes in handy a lot and it's one of these skills that you can kind of apply to a lot of different things. 01:18.080 --> 01:25.900 Alright, I thought I would start by just saying, you know, kind of big picture, there's kind of two things that we want to kind of keep in mind that are really important. 01:27.620 --> 01:30.940 The first one is pretty obvious and it's almost sort of a joke. 01:30.940 --> 01:32.520 You've probably seen these pictures online. 01:32.520 --> 01:33.280 This is a soldering iron. 01:33.280 --> 01:34.540 It's off, obviously. 01:34.900 --> 01:37.680 If it smells like chicken, you're holding it wrong, okay? 01:37.680 --> 01:39.340 Always hold the rubber handle. 01:39.340 --> 01:42.680 So that's the first big picture item. 01:42.680 --> 01:46.740 The next big picture item is to realize that you always need more solder. 01:47.300 --> 01:52.420 And I don't mean by that that you need to go out and always buy some more solder because you need to have lots of solder. 01:52.420 --> 02:01.760 But when you're working, soldering, working on some work that needs to be soldered, you'll find initially that generally you need more solder than you think you need. 02:01.760 --> 02:04.520 And when something isn't working right, you need to add more solder to it. 02:04.520 --> 02:08.600 And sometimes that's counterintuitive, especially when we're trying to unsolder something. 02:08.600 --> 02:11.360 Adding more solder is a vital part of unsoldering. 02:11.360 --> 02:13.320 So just keep those two things in mind. 02:13.320 --> 02:14.280 You know, the first one's obvious. 02:14.280 --> 02:16.700 The second one can be a little counterintuitive. 02:16.740 --> 02:18.560 Smells like chicken, you're doing it wrong. 02:18.580 --> 02:21.480 Number two, you probably always need more solder. 02:21.480 --> 02:23.700 Just don't be afraid to add more solder. 02:23.860 --> 02:26.780 So solder serves three purposes. 02:27.060 --> 02:36.140 And I think this is one of these important things because there's some subtle importance to these three different things. 02:36.140 --> 02:46.720 And they're different and contained in the fact that these three things that solder does are separate jobs of the solder. 02:46.820 --> 02:51.300 Contained in that are some of the common problems that people have as they're getting into soldering. 02:51.300 --> 02:53.900 So the first one is almost obvious. 02:53.900 --> 02:56.540 It's that soldering mechanically connects two things. 02:56.540 --> 02:57.400 So it's almost like glue. 02:57.400 --> 02:59.100 You're almost using it like a hot glue. 02:59.100 --> 03:01.460 You melt it between two things and it connects them. 03:01.460 --> 03:02.980 You know, but is that enough? 03:02.980 --> 03:03.660 Certainly not. 03:03.660 --> 03:10.040 Because really often the main point of the solder, aside just holding two things together, is you have to have a good electrical connection. 03:10.040 --> 03:11.840 Something that current will flow through. 03:11.840 --> 03:15.880 Not something that will easily break apart and not something that actually has small gaps in it. 03:15.880 --> 03:28.380 So if you go at it thinking I just need to get these two things stuck together like glue and you don't think about needing to have that really nice electrical bond, you might be missing something. 03:28.380 --> 03:33.760 And the third thing, which is this is the part that's a little subtle that often people miss in the very beginning. 03:33.800 --> 03:39.560 And usually this is one of these things where when you get this, usually your soldering game goes up to the next level. 03:39.560 --> 03:43.620 And that's that one of the jobs of the solder is actually a thermal conduction. 03:43.660 --> 03:46.900 And what I mean by that is because there's two different ways that that's true. 03:46.900 --> 03:53.320 But the one that's really important is that it is the solder that allows heat to flow from the soldering iron onto the work. 03:53.320 --> 04:07.780 Okay, so if you don't have solder in the play before you even start soldering, in other words, if your tip isn't tinned, if you don't have the work, the pieces of work, meaning the wire and the pad or whatever it is you're trying to solder together, you don't have solder in play, 04:07.780 --> 04:15.580 there won't be a thermal conduit for heat to go from the tip of the soldering iron into the work, which is really what you want to do as we'll discuss. 04:15.580 --> 04:19.820 So just remember that part of the job of the solder is to actually be a thermal conductor. 04:19.960 --> 04:24.620 Okay, so it's a mechanical bond, it's an electrical conductor, but it's also a thermal conductor. 04:24.620 --> 04:30.120 And the second way in which it's a thermal conductor is in some instances where you have components that get warm while they're operating. 04:30.120 --> 04:32.540 So maybe let's say a linear regulator or something. 04:33.200 --> 04:43.040 It being bonded with solder onto a PCB or some other substrate can allow the thermal energy to flow out of it to keep it cool so it doesn't overheat. 04:43.040 --> 04:45.540 So that's kind of a secondary way. 04:45.540 --> 04:54.140 But what I'm really talking about when I say this subtle thing about thermal conduction is while you're soldering, you need the solder to help do the soldering. 04:54.420 --> 04:59.440 It isn't just a glue, it's actually a conduit of the making of the connection. 04:59.440 --> 05:01.060 So try to keep that in mind. 05:01.060 --> 05:04.800 So let's talk about some of the tools and supplies that we use when we're soldering. 05:04.800 --> 05:07.540 The first obvious one is a soldering iron. 05:07.540 --> 05:17.080 The really cool thing about soldering irons is in the last 15 years or so, the price profile of soldering irons has changed quite a lot. 05:17.080 --> 05:28.440 Now for what would have been unheard of 20-30 years ago, you can get for a price that would have been unheard of, meaning even as little as like $20, $30, $40, you can get a very nice soldering iron. 05:28.440 --> 05:35.820 I know the soldering irons that I came up wishing that I could have had but I only had access to in a lab because they were $250. 05:35.920 --> 05:42.880 Now we get soldering irons all the time that are in the $20 range that are of similar quality. 05:43.220 --> 05:49.840 Controllable temperature and very nice tips that stay very clean for a very long time. 05:49.840 --> 05:56.160 So that's a nice thing is soldering irons are readily available now and they're not super expensive. 05:56.160 --> 06:04.180 I mean you can still spend a lot of money on a really nice soldering iron but generally what you really want is just one that has a nice quality tip that's replaceable. 06:04.640 --> 06:08.180 Although you'll find you might not actually need to replace it very much if it's a nice tip. 06:08.180 --> 06:15.060 And you need to be able to adjust the temperature because there are times when you want a little more heat on the tip or a little less heat. 06:15.280 --> 06:18.880 You also just don't want it to just always be some preset random amount. 06:18.880 --> 06:22.560 So, you know, really inexpensive soldering irons don't have a temperature adjustment. 06:24.000 --> 06:30.620 All right, another tool or part of a tool you'll need is you'll need to always be able to clean the tip of your soldering iron. 06:30.940 --> 06:33.140 You basically have to keep it clean all the time. 06:33.400 --> 06:38.560 If you're thinking always clean the tip or constantly clean the tip, you'll end up cleaning it a lot which is what you really need. 06:38.560 --> 06:41.900 You need to clean that tip very, very frequently while you're using it. 06:41.900 --> 06:44.180 It's not just something you do at the very end while you're putting it away. 06:44.380 --> 06:54.380 So most soldering iron stands come with a little sponge, SpongeBob, SpongeBob Square Sponge like this that's just at the bottom of the stand. 06:54.560 --> 06:55.860 Just get that wet. 06:55.960 --> 07:06.280 Some people keep a little bottle, like a little drinking water bottle next to their soldering station so they can always just keep that thing wet without having to run off to get it into the sink. 07:07.300 --> 07:09.020 That's fine for when you're starting out. 07:09.020 --> 07:10.320 You know, just rub it on that sponge. 07:10.320 --> 07:15.040 Rub the tip of your iron on that sponge frequently, like almost every time you put the soldering iron down or pick it up. 07:15.040 --> 07:16.560 Just constantly be cleaning it. 07:17.040 --> 07:31.180 And then as you get a little more into soldering, kind of like a style point tool, you might get one of these little kind of shaved metal tip cleaners. 07:31.560 --> 07:33.200 These are pretty nice. 07:34.180 --> 07:39.140 You just kind of stab the soldering iron into it. 07:39.140 --> 07:39.980 Scrape, scrape, scrape. 07:39.980 --> 07:42.500 And it scrapes the tip of the soldering iron. 07:42.500 --> 07:44.480 You can just do that frequently while you're using it. 07:44.480 --> 07:48.460 Every time you go to set the soldering iron down or pick it up, just kind of stab it in there a couple times. 07:48.460 --> 07:52.500 So the nice thing about the metal, the kind of... it's almost like a little Brillo pad. 07:52.500 --> 07:56.120 It's like a... I think they're usually made of brass. 07:56.120 --> 07:57.380 And it's like metal wool. 07:57.380 --> 07:59.820 I think people call it metal wool or steel wool. 07:59.820 --> 08:01.100 It's not technically steel wool. 08:01.100 --> 08:07.700 But these type of cleaners, the really nice thing about them is because they're not wet, they don't conduct as much heat away. 08:07.700 --> 08:10.020 So that's really good. 08:11.820 --> 08:14.240 Yeah, so those are probably the main tools you need. 08:14.240 --> 08:20.860 It's also nice to have some flush cutters like, you know, these little guys, which are really very tiny. 08:20.900 --> 08:25.020 And one side of them is flat so you can cut wires off flush to a circuit board. 08:27.440 --> 08:36.420 At some point, you will want to be able to remove the residue that's left on a circuit board after you solder it. 08:36.960 --> 08:38.520 You know, this is called cleaning the flux. 08:38.520 --> 08:49.120 So you'll want a flux cleaner or a lot of people just use rubbing alcohol, isopropanol, and a little very stiff brush, an acid brush, to just clean the back of the board. 08:49.120 --> 08:51.240 In the beginning, you don't really need to worry about that too much. 08:51.240 --> 08:57.400 You can just clean it with a tissue or just, you know, don't worry about it too much for a board like the one we're going to do today. 08:57.400 --> 09:01.960 But when you start making circuit boards you want to be able to keep for a while, you want to be able to take that residue off. 09:01.960 --> 09:03.820 And we'll discuss why you want to do that. 09:04.280 --> 09:07.960 So you'll want whatever solvent you're going to use for that. 09:08.160 --> 09:10.320 Like I said, isopropanol is usually fine. 09:10.340 --> 09:11.960 And maybe a little brush or something. 09:12.320 --> 09:19.760 And at some point you're going to want to have a flux that you can deliver to the board. 09:20.640 --> 09:25.180 So flux is the thing that cleans the work. 09:25.180 --> 09:27.040 It cleans the surface that you're going to be soldering on. 09:27.040 --> 09:31.640 It also breaks the surface tension of the solder when it's liquid so that it can flow a little easier. 09:31.640 --> 09:34.020 So it's a cleaner and a flowing agent. 09:34.400 --> 09:36.500 And flux is just kind of important. 09:36.500 --> 09:38.860 I've heard some people refer to flux as grease. 09:38.860 --> 09:40.940 So if you've heard people say that, that's what they mean. 09:40.940 --> 09:42.140 But it's not grease. 09:42.520 --> 09:48.800 It comes in a liquid or gel or it comes in little pen dispensers that look like a fat magic marker. 09:49.500 --> 09:51.520 A lot of people these days really like the gel. 09:51.520 --> 09:52.580 It's become readily available. 09:52.580 --> 09:54.560 I usually use the liquid just because that's what I've always used. 09:54.560 --> 09:56.680 And I get a little dispenser bottle. 09:56.680 --> 09:58.920 Let's see if I have one of these. 09:58.920 --> 09:59.920 A little dispenser bottle. 09:59.920 --> 10:03.600 These are extremely inexpensive so you can have a few of them loaded up. 10:03.600 --> 10:06.100 And you can see the flux that I have in there is a liquid. 10:06.100 --> 10:08.120 So you're going to want some flux. 10:08.600 --> 10:11.940 Like I said, there's a bunch of different kinds of flux. 10:12.400 --> 10:14.640 The most basic kind of flux is rosin. 10:16.740 --> 10:18.600 I don't know if it says it on here. 10:19.300 --> 10:20.900 It says flux on there. 10:20.900 --> 10:21.600 I don't know if you can see it. 10:21.600 --> 10:23.120 It's very tiny. 10:23.120 --> 10:31.640 But for the most part, all the solders you're going to use, we'll discuss solder again in a second, they're rosin core, meaning they have rosin flux inside the solder. 10:31.640 --> 10:34.180 So when you're using the solder, it's kind of auto-fluxing. 10:34.180 --> 10:34.900 It's self-fluxing. 10:34.900 --> 10:37.900 So you don't need to apply flux from a pen or a bottle. 10:37.900 --> 10:43.000 But as you get a little more advanced in soldering, you're going to want to have flux. 10:43.000 --> 10:47.280 But for the very beginning, using the flux that's inside the solder is totally acceptable. 10:47.620 --> 10:53.220 You'll be able to get away with doing a lot of work just using the flux that's inside the solder. 10:53.220 --> 10:55.300 But I'll speak more to that in a minute. 10:55.300 --> 10:58.480 There are some things you have to keep in mind when you're using the flux in the solder. 10:58.480 --> 11:05.340 So that flux is what leaves a residue on the board sometimes when you're done soldering. 11:05.340 --> 11:11.900 And you might want to clean that off because the way the flux cleans the surfaces, it's usually an acid. 11:12.120 --> 11:14.260 It's not a super strong acid, but it's acidic. 11:14.260 --> 11:23.640 And if you leave it on there, it's great when you're trying to solder because it'll clean the oxidation and dirt and oils off of the work so that your solder will flow. 11:23.640 --> 11:28.140 But if you leave it sitting on there for a long time, it might eat into the board a little bit or pit the surface. 11:28.140 --> 11:30.220 And you know, plus it just usually looks a little yucky. 11:30.220 --> 11:31.440 So it's kind of nice to clean it off. 11:31.440 --> 11:37.640 But for your first few projects, and certainly for soldering this first batch, buddy, don't worry about that. 11:38.360 --> 11:40.060 But just know what flux is. 11:40.060 --> 11:48.780 At the point where you want to start cleaning flux or using a separately applied flux other than just the flux core in the solder, it'll come to your mind that, oh, I want this other thing. 11:48.780 --> 11:50.460 And just worry about it then. 11:50.460 --> 11:52.460 You don't need to worry about that for right now. 11:52.880 --> 11:58.280 But yeah, as far as the solder goes, there's a lot of different options when it comes to solder. 11:58.280 --> 12:03.440 The basic options are tin-lead alloy. 12:03.440 --> 12:08.360 A lot of people call it 60-40, although there's slight variations. 12:08.360 --> 12:10.340 They're not always exactly 60-40, 60%. 12:10.340 --> 12:13.720 I think it's 60% lead, 40% tin, or it might be the other way around. 12:13.720 --> 12:14.280 I'm not sure. 12:14.280 --> 12:16.760 But let's see, it might tell us on here. 12:17.220 --> 12:19.480 60% tin, 40% lead. 12:20.520 --> 12:22.460 That's the basic solder. 12:23.420 --> 12:25.440 Like I said, it has a flux core in it. 12:25.460 --> 12:28.700 And this one right here, you can see it's fairly thin. 12:28.700 --> 12:31.880 This is a 0.6 millimeter solder. 12:31.880 --> 12:33.760 I usually get 0.6 or 0.8 millimeter. 12:33.760 --> 12:35.200 I've used one millimeter before too. 12:35.200 --> 12:36.560 That's fine as well. 12:36.720 --> 12:39.160 But you generally want something that's fairly thin. 12:39.160 --> 12:46.380 If it's too thin, when you're soldering something larger like a connector or something or something that has like a big heat pad or something, you'll find that you need to use a long length of it. 12:46.380 --> 12:47.140 That's not a big deal. 12:47.140 --> 12:48.240 Just use a little more. 12:48.580 --> 12:54.920 Some people like to have a thicker one for doing stuff like that and then the thinner one for doing smaller work. 12:55.240 --> 12:58.220 That's not nothing you really need to worry about right now. 12:58.380 --> 13:04.760 One thing I do want to comment on is a lot of people get caught up in the lead-free solder. 13:04.760 --> 13:08.060 And of course, we'll talk about safety in a little bit. 13:08.060 --> 13:12.020 Lead is a potentially toxic substance. 13:12.200 --> 13:16.060 So if you're concerned about it, you can use lead-free solder. 13:16.740 --> 13:17.560 I don't. 13:17.560 --> 13:20.820 Most people that are really into soldering really hate lead-free solder. 13:20.960 --> 13:23.420 It has a much higher melting point. 13:23.420 --> 13:25.380 It's very annoying to work with. 13:25.380 --> 13:26.940 It's really hard to rework. 13:27.700 --> 13:29.260 It's just not the best thing in the world. 13:29.260 --> 13:36.100 And if you're pretty careful, you know, you shouldn't be sticking soldered wires or circuit boards in your mouth anyway or letting children play with them. 13:36.140 --> 13:40.260 So , you know, you don't get lead inside of you by simply by touching it. 13:40.260 --> 13:42.100 You have to touch it and lick your hands. 13:42.100 --> 13:45.300 Or you have to, you know, chew on the thing that has the lead on it. 13:45.300 --> 13:46.960 Lead doesn't just float up in the air. 13:46.960 --> 13:54.620 So, you know, of course, you know, if you're working somewhere and they have safety policies on this, you know, read your safety data sheets and all that. 13:54.620 --> 13:55.780 That's not my expertise. 13:55.780 --> 14:03.860 But, you know, I can just tell you that most people that are soldering experts, you know, they prefer to use the standard 60-40 leaded solder. 14:04.640 --> 14:07.070 It's just much, much easier to work with. 14:07.070 --> 14:08.970 And lead has a very low melting point. 14:08.970 --> 14:11.970 So anyway, those are the kind of solder things you need. 14:13.370 --> 14:22.230 Speaking of melting point, if your soldering iron has an adjustable temperature on it, a common question is, well, what do I set that at? 14:22.230 --> 14:25.750 So I usually set mine right at about 350 degrees. 14:26.550 --> 14:27.750 That's Celsius. 14:28.770 --> 14:30.570 Maybe a little higher than that sometimes. 14:30.570 --> 14:37.630 And that works out to about 660 Fahrenheit if you have an older rig that has a Fahrenheit rating on it. 14:38.130 --> 14:41.550 So yeah, just kind of keep in mind like 350, 360, something like that. 14:41.550 --> 14:45.570 And you can go a little lower if you're working on something really fine and you're worried about heating it up too much. 14:45.630 --> 14:52.150 Or a little higher if you're soldering like some big screw lugs or something that needs a lot more heat delivered. 14:52.450 --> 14:58.710 You know, if you kind of sense that your tip is getting cool too quickly, you might want to turn the temperature up a few degrees. 14:58.710 --> 15:09.470 So yeah, remember that 350C or 660F will kind of keep you in the right range for melting the lead tin alloy solder. 15:09.470 --> 15:13.690 If you decide to use lead-free solder, you're going to need to go up a little bit. 15:13.690 --> 15:15.930 And you can find the specifications for whatever solder you're using. 15:15.930 --> 15:20.970 It'll have a melting point, but the tip temperature needs to be much higher than that melting point. 15:20.970 --> 15:23.590 So it'll usually have a melting point than a specified tip temperature. 15:24.070 --> 15:28.950 All right, so temperature... soldering irons are really hot. 15:28.950 --> 15:30.890 So we joked before about the chicken thing. 15:31.110 --> 15:33.990 I'm going to mention it a few times because you just want to be careful not to burn yourself. 15:36.010 --> 15:38.130 There's a few safety points to keep in mind here. 15:38.170 --> 15:40.350 That's probably the one that we almost don't need to mention. 15:40.350 --> 15:41.290 I mean, we're melting metal. 15:41.290 --> 15:42.030 Of course, it's hot. 15:42.030 --> 15:43.150 Don't stick your fingers in it. 15:43.150 --> 15:44.410 Don't clean it on your tongue. 15:44.770 --> 15:45.790 All those things, right? 15:45.790 --> 15:47.330 So just remember it's hot, okay? 15:47.330 --> 15:49.890 The next safety point... we're going to have four safety points. 15:49.890 --> 15:50.810 The first one is heat. 15:50.810 --> 15:51.930 Don't burn yourself, all right? 15:51.930 --> 15:52.610 Don't burn yourself. 15:52.610 --> 15:53.570 Don't burn your desk. 15:53.950 --> 15:55.010 Don't start a fire. 15:55.010 --> 15:55.910 Just remember it's hot. 15:55.910 --> 15:56.350 Heat. 15:56.350 --> 15:57.730 The first one is heat, okay? 15:57.850 --> 15:58.550 Number one, heat. 15:58.550 --> 16:01.010 Number two are fumes, okay? 16:01.130 --> 16:03.150 And a lot of people think this has something to do with the lead. 16:03.150 --> 16:03.790 It doesn't. 16:03.790 --> 16:06.310 It's when you're soldering, there's that rosin core in there. 16:06.310 --> 16:09.490 And the flux, that rosin core, it will gas off. 16:09.490 --> 16:11.090 It'll make kind of a smoky smoke. 16:11.130 --> 16:12.790 And you don't want to breathe that, all right? 16:12.990 --> 16:14.970 So you want to have a little... 16:14.970 --> 16:19.590 what I have on my workstation is I actually just have a small fan and it just kind of blows into the corner. 16:19.950 --> 16:25.070 Because that smoke, that residue, it'll settle very quickly. 16:25.070 --> 16:28.350 So if you just blow it away from your work, that's probably fine. 16:28.350 --> 16:38.830 I don't recommend this, but I've actually noticed even with my fan on, just because I've been soldering for so long, when I solder, every once in a while I'll just go... and I'll just blow the smoke away. 16:38.830 --> 16:41.710 If the smoke is rising up into my face, I don't want to inhale it. 16:41.710 --> 16:43.790 So I just... and then I inhale. 16:43.850 --> 16:44.830 Probably not smart. 16:44.830 --> 16:45.770 Probably not safe. 16:45.770 --> 16:46.710 Just keep the fan on. 16:46.710 --> 16:51.370 You can buy a really nice little fume extractor hood that has a little like a filter. 16:51.370 --> 16:55.790 I think it's a charcoal filter in it that keeps the... gets the soot trapped. 16:55.790 --> 16:56.390 And it's very nice. 16:56.390 --> 16:58.370 So if you're going to solder a lot, you might want to get one of those. 16:58.370 --> 16:59.970 You don't want to be breathing those fumes, okay? 16:59.970 --> 17:01.030 So number one was heat. 17:01.030 --> 17:01.870 Number two was fumes. 17:01.870 --> 17:03.290 Number three is lead. 17:03.370 --> 17:04.810 We already talked about the lead. 17:05.210 --> 17:10.650 So when you're soldering with lead solder, lead can get on your hands. 17:10.650 --> 17:13.850 Just like, you know, if you were touching a lead pipe or something like that. 17:13.850 --> 17:16.130 Also, little bits of lead break off. 17:16.130 --> 17:17.250 I think it's called dross. 17:17.250 --> 17:18.810 And, you know, maybe even... 17:19.830 --> 17:21.830 they're almost microscopic. 17:21.830 --> 17:23.390 Sometimes they are macroscopic. 17:23.390 --> 17:29.690 But... and you'll even notice little bits of... little tiny balls of solder around your work area after you've soldered a lot. 17:29.690 --> 17:30.990 That stuff is called dross. 17:30.990 --> 17:36.950 And if that's sticking on your hands and then you lick your finger or you eat your lunch and haven't washed your hands, that lead can get in you. 17:36.950 --> 17:38.750 That is particularly a problem for children. 17:38.750 --> 17:42.730 So if you're soldering in an area where there's children, you want to clean that lead up. 17:42.730 --> 17:47.150 So after you work with leaded solder, you need to wash your hands. 17:47.150 --> 17:47.330 Okay? 17:47.330 --> 17:51.850 And this isn't a hand sanitizer situation because this is not... you're not trying to kill bacteria or something. 17:51.850 --> 17:57.330 You're literally trying to wash a metal away and get it off of your hands so that it doesn't get inside your stomach, in your mouth. 17:57.330 --> 17:57.850 Okay? 17:58.010 --> 18:11.110 And also, if you have these little dross bits and there's a child that comes through your work area and they're very little and they might, you know, drop a toy somewhere where you have these little dross droppings or whatever and put it in their mouth. 18:11.130 --> 18:15.830 Or if you saw... if you've recently soldered something and they might say, oh look, that's a cool badge buddy and stick it in their mouth. 18:15.830 --> 18:16.750 That's not cool. 18:16.870 --> 18:18.170 You don't want to get lead inside you . 18:18.170 --> 18:19.970 You do not want a child getting lead inside them. 18:19.970 --> 18:20.310 Okay? 18:20.350 --> 18:21.470 It's not that big of a deal. 18:21.470 --> 18:27.570 There's other things in your house that's lead, but you do not want little chunks of lead, you know, that break off of things sitting around. 18:27.570 --> 18:29.050 Just wipe it up with a wet wipe. 18:29.190 --> 18:29.950 Wash your hands. 18:29.950 --> 18:30.450 Clean it up. 18:30.450 --> 18:31.150 Just keep it clean. 18:31.150 --> 18:32.910 Don't get this lead around the place. 18:33.110 --> 18:35.590 Wash your hands after you work with leaded solder. 18:35.650 --> 18:36.010 All right. 18:36.010 --> 18:38.190 So heat, fumes, lead. 18:38.210 --> 18:38.570 Right? 18:38.570 --> 18:39.450 Those are three things. 18:39.450 --> 18:43.030 And then this last one is huge because people just don't think about it that much. 18:43.030 --> 18:45.910 But please wear safety goggles. 18:46.170 --> 18:49.470 You don't want to get... you don't want to fling a little drop of hot solder in your eye. 18:49.470 --> 18:55.050 You know, a really big thing is, you know, you're cutting your leads off, especially ones that might be a little thick. 18:55.050 --> 18:58.630 And they go... and the lead flies off and it hits the wall. 18:58.670 --> 19:01.270 And you're always like, oh that sounded nice. 19:01.270 --> 19:03.150 Well, that doesn't sound nice if it hits you in the eye. 19:03.150 --> 19:03.710 All right? 19:03.770 --> 19:07.290 You only get... no , you actually get two eyes. 19:07.350 --> 19:09.030 Anyway, you probably want to keep both of them. 19:09.030 --> 19:09.990 So protect them. 19:09.990 --> 19:11.490 Wear some eye protection. 19:11.490 --> 19:11.610 All right? 19:11.610 --> 19:12.850 You only get those two eyes. 19:13.210 --> 19:13.690 All right. 19:13.690 --> 19:14.870 So great. 19:14.870 --> 19:19.150 So let's actually get the soldering now that we've covered sort of the theoretical background stuff. 19:19.150 --> 19:22.570 And I guess this might be a good time for me to say there's a lot of great soldering videos out there. 19:22.570 --> 19:27.730 If you just get on YouTube and look for things about soldering, you'll hear mostly all these things I already said. 19:27.730 --> 19:29.550 But, you know, maybe you'll pick up some other pointers. 19:29.550 --> 19:32.050 And sometimes it's good to hear things explained from different people. 19:32.050 --> 19:35.790 So, you know, if you like soldering and want to get better at it, definitely watch some other videos. 19:35.790 --> 19:40.170 You know, we're only going to barely touch on, for example, surface mount soldering. 19:40.170 --> 19:43.070 So there's some great surface mount soldering videos out there that you can find. 19:43.910 --> 19:46.450 So that's a nice segue to our next thing. 19:46.450 --> 19:49.570 You know, I like to think of there being three structures for soldering. 19:50.450 --> 19:52.130 Two of them we're going to do here today. 19:52.130 --> 19:57.410 And that's through-hole soldering, when you have a hole in a circuit board, like, you know, it's called a through-hole, a plated through-hole. 19:57.410 --> 20:00.890 And you put a wire or a post through it and then you solder it into that hole. 20:00.970 --> 20:01.150 Right? 20:01.150 --> 20:02.130 There's through-hole soldering. 20:02.130 --> 20:07.750 And then there's surface mount soldering, where you have a pad on a circuit board and you solder something onto that pad. 20:07.750 --> 20:10.270 So it doesn't go through the board, it just solders onto the surface. 20:10.470 --> 20:22.370 And, you know, when you see these, like, really large chips that have, you know, many tens or even hundreds of little leads sticking out of the sides, those are all surface mounted, or these little tiny resistors that look like little rectangles that don't have any wires, 20:22.370 --> 20:23.630 like, those are surface mounted. 20:24.230 --> 20:28.370 Today we're just, we're going to do one really big surface mount thing, and that's our battery clip. 20:28.390 --> 20:31.910 But it gives you the idea of what surface mounting is, so it's a nice exposure for that. 20:31.910 --> 20:33.730 So we have through-hole surface mount. 20:33.730 --> 20:36.090 Through-hole is something called TH, sometimes called TH. 20:36.170 --> 20:39.250 Surface mount is often called SMT, surface mount technology. 20:39.510 --> 20:45.590 And then the third thing is just, I guess I might call it point-to-point soldering, and it's when you just solder two wires together. 20:45.770 --> 20:53.890 You usually strip the two wires, twist them together, and then solder them, and making sure you get solder flowed completely into the joint. 20:54.050 --> 20:58.730 Another example of that kind of point-to-point soldering is when you're soldering a wire into a connector or something like that. 20:58.730 --> 21:04.770 So that isn't exactly through-hole, and it's not exactly surface mount, it's just a different kind of soldering. 21:04.770 --> 21:13.810 But, you know, if you always think of those three things, they all kind of work the same, but they all have little, you know, differences that, and it's nice to make sure you get some practice in doing all three of those. 21:14.350 --> 21:19.210 All right, so let's get right into this example. 21:19.250 --> 21:28.430 Actually, first let me just say, you know, so the basics of soldering are, and we've already touched on this a little bit, so I'm going to say these things a few times just to make sure they really sink in. 21:28.950 --> 21:31.990 So you have two, let's say, let's say you just have two surfaces. 21:31.990 --> 21:43.970 You either have the hole with the wire in it, which is, you know, the hole is a surface and the wire is a surface for through-hole, or you have a pad with a terminal of a component sitting on the pad if it's surface mount. 21:44.090 --> 21:45.950 So, but there's usually two things, right? 21:46.050 --> 21:52.110 The pad and the lead, or the hole, the through-hole and the lead, the plate of through-hole and the lead. 21:52.350 --> 21:58.270 And what you want to do is heat up the junction, so both of those things. 21:58.270 --> 22:04.490 You want to heat both of the things you're trying to connect hot enough so that solder will flow onto them, all right? 22:04.490 --> 22:08.330 So there's a few things that you're trying to do all at once here. 22:08.330 --> 22:13.590 So when you go to heat them, you need to have some solder between the soldering iron and the connection. 22:13.630 --> 22:18.370 And this is not the solder that you need to flow into the connection later. 22:18.570 --> 22:20.790 This is just the thermal connecting solder. 22:20.790 --> 22:23.230 So you have the two components sitting together. 22:23.230 --> 22:26.750 So often what you'll do is you'll have the two components, you know, near each other in some way. 22:27.110 --> 22:30.630 They're next to each other, either inside of each other or sitting on top of each other. 22:30.630 --> 22:40.010 So you put the iron near them, get a little solder on it, on the iron, just so that that solder can touch to the work and conduct heat into the work, right? 22:40.010 --> 22:42.050 So that's not the solder that makes the connection. 22:42.050 --> 22:52.730 It's the solder that is used to enable the connection to be made by allowing the soldering iron to then heat the items up, right? 22:52.730 --> 23:00.230 So that first little bit of solder you put on there, you're really putting it on the iron and it heats up the two items, that heats up the work, let's call it the work. 23:00.290 --> 23:09.570 And then once the work is hot enough, it's up to that melting point of solder, then you touch the solder to the work, not to the iron, and the work will melt the solder onto itself. 23:09.570 --> 23:18.550 And that's how you get a beautiful, nicely flowed solder connection where the solder flows onto the work and is not just kind of being brushed on there by a soldering iron, right? 23:18.550 --> 23:22.690 So again, you do not use the soldering iron to apply the solder. 23:22.710 --> 23:30.370 You use the soldering iron with a little preliminary bit of solder on it to heat up the work enough so then the solder melts onto the work, right? 23:30.470 --> 23:43.930 So anyway, that's a thing that, you know, when you get it, when you get that really nice flow of solder on something, when you have the metal really hot, and then the metal melts the solder, not the soldering iron. 23:43.930 --> 23:46.350 The soldering iron immediately heats the metal up. 23:46.350 --> 23:51.490 The trick is you need a little solder initially to be able to get the heat from the soldering iron into the metal or the work. 23:51.490 --> 23:54.610 So that's one of the main things you're doing there. 23:54.610 --> 24:05.310 The other thing is, remember, your solder has your, especially, you know, if you're using, you don't have a bottle of flux, you're just using rosin core solder, your solder has your flux in it. 24:05.310 --> 24:07.310 So you need to be adding solder. 24:07.710 --> 24:23.610 I don't want to say constantly, but the process of making the solder connection, you need to be adding solder because the flux comes out when you melt the So before you make the connection between the two pieces of metal, those surfaces need to have flux on them. 24:23.610 --> 24:30.450 So you have to melt the solder in their vicinity so that the flux gets on them, and then that allows the solder to flow onto them. 24:30.450 --> 24:38.650 So the two things kind of happen at once, the heating and flowing of solder and the application of flux, because they're coming in the same delivery package, right? 24:38.790 --> 24:46.810 The strand of flux you're using has the rosin, the strand of solder you're using has the rosin flux inside of it, okay? 24:47.410 --> 25:01.890 And another important thing about that is, sometimes when you get solder on a connection and you're moving it around or you're still working the connection in some way, the smoke that came up, that's your flux burning. 25:01.890 --> 25:03.270 It's your flux boiling off. 25:03.270 --> 25:09.470 That smoke that came up that got sucked away or that, you know, if you followed my incorrect instructions, you blew away. 25:09.470 --> 25:12.410 So now that flux is gone, okay? 25:12.410 --> 25:16.950 So that's one of these things where you need to add more solder, because the solder has the more flux in it, right? 25:16.950 --> 25:22.150 So if you're continuing to work the item, you only have so long before your flux is gone, okay? 25:22.150 --> 25:30.870 And then, you know, if you get to the point where you've melted a bunch of solder on it and there's this big mess, you need to take the solder away, which sometimes you can just lift it off with iron. 25:30.870 --> 25:38.110 It'll stick on the iron and you can, you know, clean it on your sponge or your metal tip cleaner. 25:38.250 --> 25:44.390 And then you can apply some more fresh solder, which will have new flux in it, releasing a little more smoke. 25:45.730 --> 25:51.990 So this is part of that thing I said, where you need to be always ready to put a little more solder on, because you need the solder because it conducts the heat. 25:51.990 --> 25:54.390 You also need the solder because it has the flux inside of it. 25:54.490 --> 25:56.150 And the flux doesn't stick around. 25:56.150 --> 25:59.750 You only get a few seconds to use, to flux the surface with the solder. 25:59.750 --> 26:01.790 That's why, you know, you need to keep adding more solder. 26:02.130 --> 26:06.630 Even if then you get to the point where there's too much metal on there, too much solder, you just pull it off, just clean it off. 26:06.630 --> 26:08.050 You're going to need the flux. 26:08.130 --> 26:21.070 And when you get a little more advanced with this stuff and you're doing a lot of connections, you know, really small packages that have a lot of pins, that's where you just want to get a bottle of flux and just drench the thing with flux or put gel flux on it so it's all soaked with flux. 26:21.070 --> 26:31.010 Because then you can work it, you can move the solder around, you can add and remove solder, and the flux is still there doing its job of cleaning and breaking the surface tension of the molten solder. 26:35.040 --> 26:36.900 So this is the badge buddy. 26:37.580 --> 26:42.840 Comes in a Ziploc bag like this and there's some stickers in there. 26:42.840 --> 26:44.760 We got this during Defcon 28. 26:44.760 --> 26:46.880 We did some sticker swapping. 26:46.920 --> 26:53.740 So there's a bunch of different stickers in here from lots of our friends and members in the community and other vendors. 26:54.840 --> 27:01.500 You see such as Hack5 and Hacker Warehouse and just random stickers. 27:01.500 --> 27:02.840 So that's lots of fun. 27:07.500 --> 27:09.040 And yeah, let's see. 27:09.040 --> 27:10.460 Yeah, there's some good ones in here. 27:10.880 --> 27:16.760 Yeah, there's a Hack5 sticker, a couple Hacker Boxes stickers, 27:24.270 --> 27:26.170 hologram sticker. 27:28.170 --> 27:29.710 Yeah, Hacker Warehouse gave us these. 27:29.710 --> 27:33.770 They have some little camera covers on them to keep your camera safe. 27:34.150 --> 27:47.230 So all right, yeah, the parts that are in here are fairly basic and represent opportunity to do a little bit of surface mount and also some through-hole soldering. 27:48.090 --> 27:54.490 There's a bead chain that you can use to connect the badge buddy to your lanyard or your backpack or whatever when you're done. 27:56.130 --> 27:57.730 There's a coin cell battery. 27:57.730 --> 28:02.750 It's a lithium battery, CR2032. 28:02.750 --> 28:05.430 It's a pretty common lithium battery coin cell. 28:09.220 --> 28:16.400 That's the clip that holds the coin cell onto the back of the PCB. 28:30.490 --> 28:33.790 All right, let's get these things out of our way here. 28:34.550 --> 28:42.950 We'll solder these four items to the PCB, to the circuit board with the logo on there. 28:42.950 --> 28:44.190 It's the Hacker Boxes logo. 28:44.190 --> 28:49.430 His name's Bithead or Circuithead, depending on which version he is. 28:50.850 --> 28:52.070 So we're going to get some solder out. 28:52.070 --> 28:54.750 We're going to start by tinning the tip of the soldering iron. 28:54.750 --> 28:57.250 This one's already tinned because we use it a lot. 28:57.250 --> 29:03.230 Then we're going to tin these three pads, these surface mount pads on the board. 29:03.230 --> 29:05.690 But you want to always keep the tip of your soldering iron tinned. 29:05.690 --> 29:07.070 Keep some solder on it. 29:07.130 --> 29:09.590 The flux will help clean it. 29:09.830 --> 29:16.550 And every time you see the soldering iron going off the screen here, that's just me cleaning the tip in a tip cleaner. 29:16.550 --> 29:21.390 So we're going to tin these three pads by just getting some solder flowed onto them. 29:21.410 --> 29:23.030 And again, we're not just melting it on there. 29:23.210 --> 29:29.630 It's actually bonding into the pad, the solder that's already on the pad from the manufacturing process. 29:30.430 --> 29:36.590 And when you're surface mount soldering, well, with any soldering, you really want to pay attention to the orientation. 29:36.590 --> 29:41.990 So this little clip is oriented according to the white paint on the board that's called the silkscreen. 29:42.310 --> 29:45.430 So the board has been silkscreened with these positioning indicators. 29:45.430 --> 29:47.250 And most boards have this. 29:47.430 --> 29:50.490 When you lay out a circuit board, you can design the silkscreen. 29:50.490 --> 29:54.790 So the silkscreen shows you which direction that the battery holder goes. 29:54.790 --> 29:56.410 And in this case, you could put it the other way. 29:56.410 --> 29:58.590 It's just a little harder to put it in. 29:58.590 --> 30:04.130 So we intentionally oriented it so the clip opens downward. 30:04.130 --> 30:14.250 So now what we're doing is we're getting solder to flow onto the little wings on the side of this battery clip, battery holder. 30:14.330 --> 30:19.730 And we're actually heating the clip up enough so that solder flows onto it. 30:19.730 --> 30:24.170 So remember, we need a little solder on there just to conduct into the metal of the clip. 30:24.170 --> 30:28.150 And then you can see the solder flows really nicely and makes a nice shiny surface. 30:28.410 --> 30:35.590 So you want to make sure when you're soldering, you always end up with a shiny surface that flows neatly onto all of the metal around it. 30:35.590 --> 30:38.410 And that lets you know you do not have what's called a cold solder joint. 30:38.410 --> 30:43.650 If you just dump hot solder on a cold metal, it won't flow onto the metal and it won't bond. 30:43.650 --> 30:49.210 And that will be a cold joint, which is mechanically unstable and can be broken off pretty easily. 30:49.210 --> 30:50.690 And you do you never want that. 30:50.690 --> 30:54.870 That's like the most important thing to avoid while you're soldering is getting cold solder joints. 30:54.870 --> 30:59.430 But you can see these are nice, well flowed, well... it's called wetted. 30:59.430 --> 31:01.650 The solder is fully wetting the board. 31:01.650 --> 31:08.430 So yeah, so the indicator on the silk screen for the LEDs shows the flat side. 31:08.430 --> 31:14.090 So the LED has a flat side on it and the flat side goes to the short pin. 31:14.090 --> 31:25.630 So the short pin is going through the board so that it lines up with the flat side on the leads through the holes. 31:26.590 --> 31:27.730 And we're going to get them on the other side. 31:27.730 --> 31:30.690 And you can usually just bend the leads a little bit to hold it in place. 31:31.030 --> 31:37.610 But then also we're going to set the board down on the component side down, which will hold the pieces into place. 31:37.610 --> 31:44.190 And that's why when you're soldering, you often start with the lowest altitude or the lowest thickness parts first. 31:44.190 --> 31:50.190 Because then as you flip it over, you can get basically the table to help you hold them into place. 31:50.190 --> 31:52.570 And then just things don't get in your way when you do that. 31:52.970 --> 31:54.910 So again here we're just flowing solder. 31:54.910 --> 32:03.230 We're using a little tiny bit of solder to heat up the joint and then getting the solder in there so that the heat of the joint melts the solder into the joint. 32:03.590 --> 32:05.370 And there's just four little through-hole posts here. 32:05.690 --> 32:07.090 It's actually quite easy. 32:07.090 --> 32:14.290 And you can see I'm moving pretty quickly because, you know, like I said earlier, you want to be able to use the flux. 32:15.070 --> 32:18.130 And the flux will disappear over time. 32:18.130 --> 32:21.810 See, it's not smoking anymore because the flux is gone. 32:21.810 --> 32:25.070 So while the flux is still in there, you want to get the work done. 32:25.190 --> 32:32.470 So you do want to move a little bit as quickly as possible without creating errors or making a mess. 32:33.290 --> 32:35.330 All right, now we're going to cut the leads off. 32:35.350 --> 32:37.370 This is where you need to be wearing your safety goggles. 32:42.810 --> 32:45.070 And then some people like to go back. 32:45.070 --> 32:58.670 I usually like to do this and hit the cut-off part with the soldering tip again just to get the solder, basically the wound that was left behind by the cutter, just to make it nice and smooth. 32:58.670 --> 32:59.930 But, you know, that's your option. 33:00.310 --> 33:01.830 And the switch is also through-hole. 33:01.830 --> 33:03.150 You can put it on the front or the back. 33:03.150 --> 33:05.910 I think since, you know, it doesn't really matter. 33:05.910 --> 33:07.850 Putting it on the back means you don't have to see it. 33:07.850 --> 33:10.390 It leaves the board looking kind of nifty. 33:10.390 --> 33:13.390 So you can just push it through those three holes here. 33:13.390 --> 33:16.770 If I can get that to stick in there right. 33:16.770 --> 33:19.370 The leads are really short on that on that switch. 33:19.750 --> 33:24.990 And so here's a good example where you want to get one of the pins soldered. 33:25.050 --> 33:27.130 And then maybe, you know, just get one soldered here. 33:27.130 --> 33:31.250 And then maybe check and see, make sure the other three or the component is lined up. 33:31.250 --> 33:37.230 Because, you know, while only one pin is soldered, you can reflow it very easily and move the component around a little bit. 33:37.470 --> 33:40.870 This is important when you're doing like a chip that has a lot of pins. 33:40.930 --> 33:47.370 You just get a corner tacked down and then you can move the chip around just a little bit by just reflowing that corner. 33:47.370 --> 33:50.790 And then once everything's lined up, you can go ahead and solder down the rest of them. 33:52.250 --> 33:55.350 But it's even useful for just a little switch like this. 33:55.970 --> 33:58.590 There's a lot of play in those holes. 33:58.590 --> 34:00.150 You can move that the switch around a bit. 34:00.150 --> 34:03.190 So it just helps you line it up nice and straight. 34:09.650 --> 34:11.510 All right, all three pins of those. 34:11.510 --> 34:13.090 And that switch is just an on-off switch. 34:13.090 --> 34:17.690 It just opens the circuit between the battery and the two LEDs. 34:17.690 --> 34:19.650 And now these are not just regular old LEDs. 34:19.650 --> 34:23.190 They actually have a little circuit inside of each of the things. 34:23.190 --> 34:25.470 They're in an LED, a five millimeter LED package. 34:25.470 --> 34:30.550 But there's a little circuit in there that actually cycles three different LEDs inside the package. 34:30.550 --> 34:39.470 So each of those packages, while it looks like an LED, it's actually three LEDs and then a little circuit that will make some cool flashing patterns. 34:40.390 --> 34:43.010 We're going to get this coin cell open. 34:43.350 --> 34:44.610 It's a lithium coin cell. 34:44.990 --> 34:46.930 I'll show you how to install that. 34:49.170 --> 34:54.350 These are packaged really well because the manufacturer of the batteries doesn't want them shorting out and causing any trouble. 34:54.350 --> 34:58.830 So they completely encapsulate the battery to keep it safe. 35:00.270 --> 35:03.610 Anyway, we take that and we flip the positive side up. 35:03.610 --> 35:05.750 I'm going to show you there's a little on the top. 35:05.810 --> 35:09.690 Flip the positive side up and that obviously means the bottom is ground. 35:09.910 --> 35:10.990 And then slip it in there. 35:10.990 --> 35:19.630 And the part of the reason why we tinned that pad underneath the clip is because the center pad actually becomes the terminal. 35:20.070 --> 35:21.070 And there you go. 35:21.070 --> 35:22.970 That's Bad Buddy. 35:22.970 --> 35:25.390 Nice, beautiful blinking lights. 35:26.490 --> 35:30.390 It's very colorful and the lights blink quickly and then slowly in different speeds. 35:30.390 --> 35:36.290 And if you leave it on for a few seconds, the colors will get out of sync, which makes it look a little more discotheque. 35:36.290 --> 35:37.310 It's pretty cool. 35:41.690 --> 35:42.910 Okay, so that was pretty cool. 35:42.910 --> 35:49.150 So I said we would talk a little bit about... just give you some of the keywords about removing solder. 35:49.350 --> 36:00.310 If you need what's called rework, meaning something's already soldered and now you need to rework it or reflow it, you need to heat the solder up so that you can take the parts apart. 36:00.450 --> 36:02.650 Sometimes you want to remove the solder. 36:02.650 --> 36:09.390 So you can use this thing called solder braid, which is basically just this really finely braided wire, and it has a lot of flux in it. 36:09.430 --> 36:17.230 And it'll suck... if you just put it between your iron and a piece of work, once it gets warm, it'll kind of draw the solder out of the work. 36:17.230 --> 36:19.190 You can also use a solder sucker. 36:21.010 --> 36:22.210 One of these guys right here. 36:22.210 --> 36:28.190 So you create a vacuum in there and then when you trigger it, it sucks the solder out. 36:28.190 --> 36:36.110 So yeah, I wanted to point out when I did that, a couple little chunks of solder flux flew out of there and you do not want to eat that or leave it where a child might need it, okay? 36:36.390 --> 36:46.450 If you get that on your hands like I just did, you want to wash it off before you eat or, you know, floss or whatever you might do that might get in your mouth, all right? 36:47.690 --> 36:52.990 Yeah, so braid, suction... just remember you're going to need more solder either of those things you're doing. 36:52.990 --> 36:54.710 You need more solder, you might need flux. 36:55.510 --> 36:58.030 Again, you know, you'll figure these things out, you get to them. 36:58.030 --> 36:59.850 Just don't be afraid to use more solder. 36:59.850 --> 37:04.470 Don't be afraid to get some flux going on things when you need it or add more solder to get the flux melted in there. 37:04.750 --> 37:06.590 All right, so hopefully this is useful. 37:07.270 --> 37:09.430 There are a lot of resources online you can find about soldering. 37:09.430 --> 37:11.970 If you have any questions, you know, hit us up here at Hackerboxes. 37:13.550 --> 37:15.910 Yeah, and like I said, I hope that was interesting. 37:15.910 --> 37:18.530 I hope you're open to soldering some more projects. 37:19.090 --> 37:22.790 You know, we sell a lot of kits at hackerboxes.com and there are a lot of fun things out there to solder. 37:23.410 --> 37:32.230 Even if you don't get them from your actual like kits, just things that you might want to rework or modify or try to repair. 37:32.230 --> 37:34.490 You know, like I said, it's a very handy skill. 37:34.650 --> 37:35.510 I hope you enjoy it. 37:35.510 --> 37:37.150 Thanks for spending this time with us. 37:37.150 --> 37:37.610 Take care.