1 00:00:04,970 --> 00:00:09,390 Good morning, good afternoon, good evening, everybody. 2 00:00:10,990 --> 00:00:16,610 It is a civic duty that if you see something, you say something. 3 00:00:17,110 --> 00:00:24,570 That is the underlying principle behind vulnerability disclosure, which I will talk about today. 4 00:00:24,630 --> 00:00:28,330 Give me a second here as I turn on my slide deck. 5 00:00:58,170 --> 00:01:07,350 As I said, I'm here to talk about vulnerability disclosure for digital systems in vital use by society, such as voting machines. 6 00:01:08,090 --> 00:01:12,530 Vulnerability disclosure is the neighborhood watch of cybersecurity. 7 00:01:12,770 --> 00:01:15,410 If you see something, say something. 8 00:01:15,490 --> 00:01:21,530 When we surface the bad news to everyone, we can take corrective action. 9 00:01:21,890 --> 00:01:25,990 Vulnerability disclosure is the bad news that turns into good news. 10 00:01:25,990 --> 00:01:28,910 Weaknesses you don't know of, you cannot fix. 11 00:01:28,910 --> 00:01:32,590 When you know of them, you fix them and turn them into good news. 12 00:01:33,370 --> 00:01:37,270 There are two critical legal aspects of vulnerability disclosure. 13 00:01:37,670 --> 00:01:42,470 Number one, the right for anyone to look for vulnerabilities in systems. 14 00:01:42,650 --> 00:01:49,270 And number two, the right to share the findings, not just with the owner of the system, but with the public. 15 00:01:51,600 --> 00:01:53,440 My name is Martin Mikkos. 16 00:01:53,440 --> 00:02:00,380 I'm the CEO of HackerOne, representing three quarters of a million ethical hackers all over the world. 17 00:02:05,800 --> 00:02:09,620 We're here today to talk about voting and voting machines. 18 00:02:10,080 --> 00:02:24,520 And if you look at the word vote and the Latin translation of it, it is the decision-making atom of nations and societies, and has been so for thousands of years. 19 00:02:25,080 --> 00:02:29,360 We have built our countries and our nations based on voting systems. 20 00:02:29,620 --> 00:02:32,500 It is a fundamental piece of democracy. 21 00:02:32,500 --> 00:02:42,660 And throughout history, we've made good use of the latest innovations, such as paper, to build mechanisms and systems for voting. 22 00:02:42,940 --> 00:02:50,680 But tragically, today, we have a world with digital capabilities beyond our wildest dreams. 23 00:02:51,100 --> 00:02:57,480 Yet, we have been unable to construct reliable and trustworthy digital voting systems. 24 00:02:57,600 --> 00:02:59,220 What's wrong here? 25 00:02:59,220 --> 00:03:01,540 How could we allow this to happen? 26 00:03:01,540 --> 00:03:04,040 And what is the fix? 27 00:03:06,400 --> 00:03:09,380 There's a logical conclusion that has been missing. 28 00:03:09,480 --> 00:03:18,060 If you believe in democracy, with one person, one vote, and if you do believe in the freedom of speech, which the U.S. 29 00:03:18,820 --> 00:03:26,160 does by means of its First Amendment, there's just one logical conclusion for voting machines and voting technology. 30 00:03:26,320 --> 00:03:37,940 You must believe in vulnerability disclosure, meaning the practice of inviting external, unbiased people to test the security and validity of the system. 31 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:46,220 If you don't believe in this form of external and public scrutiny, you are not believing in democracy or freedom of speech. 32 00:03:48,460 --> 00:03:53,140 Let us think about how computer systems come to be. 33 00:03:53,440 --> 00:04:01,060 Somebody designs a system, the design is approved, product is developed and built, and it is tested. 34 00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:10,180 To make something truly secure and worthy of the trust of everyone, we must design security in from the start. 35 00:04:10,560 --> 00:04:13,260 Security must be there from the get-go. 36 00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:18,280 If you bolt it afterwards as an afterthought, it will never work. 37 00:04:18,760 --> 00:04:19,740 It must be there. 38 00:04:19,740 --> 00:04:22,200 Security must be there from the first blueprint. 39 00:04:23,280 --> 00:04:33,960 Then, secondly, once the system is ostensibly ready for public use, you must turn around and let it undergo external, unbiased and unlimited vetting. 40 00:04:33,960 --> 00:04:37,900 Now an inside-outside-in view is needed. 41 00:04:39,240 --> 00:04:42,380 Journalists don't see their own typos. 42 00:04:42,460 --> 00:04:45,200 Bookkeepers can't see their accounting mistakes. 43 00:04:45,200 --> 00:04:48,380 So we need proofreaders and we need auditors. 44 00:04:48,460 --> 00:04:53,420 These people come in with a fresh, objective mind and no bias of ownership. 45 00:04:53,420 --> 00:04:58,600 They spot the flaws quickly and the flaws can be fixed. 46 00:04:58,840 --> 00:05:00,840 It's the same with software. 47 00:05:00,900 --> 00:05:06,600 We must subject software to external scrutiny by people who we do not personally know. 48 00:05:06,860 --> 00:05:13,620 Ethical hackers, white hats, security researchers, they come by many names, but it is the same thing. 49 00:05:13,720 --> 00:05:17,740 They are masters of detecting flaws in systems built by others. 50 00:05:17,860 --> 00:05:22,140 Hackers are the best mechanism for finding vulnerabilities so they can be fixed. 51 00:05:22,140 --> 00:05:27,400 In essence, hacking is the immune system of the Internet. 52 00:05:27,920 --> 00:05:29,600 They are a vaccine. 53 00:05:30,120 --> 00:05:34,000 They can think like an adversary, but they act in your benefit. 54 00:05:35,040 --> 00:05:43,430 Too often, however, the simple principle of security designed from the inside-out and tested from the outside-in is not used. 55 00:05:43,430 --> 00:05:56,210 We have voting machine bugs that have been known for several election cycles and are still there, unfixed, out there in the wild, ready to be exploited by people who do not believe in democracy. 56 00:05:56,330 --> 00:05:59,650 We must fix this simple but fatal problem. 57 00:06:00,530 --> 00:06:10,490 Governments should mandate vulnerability disclosure for every manufacturer and vendor of technology used for voting or any other vital societal function. 58 00:06:10,490 --> 00:06:16,550 It's that easy and it's difficult, but yet it's easy and we should make that decision. 59 00:06:18,270 --> 00:06:21,450 The principles I'm talking about here are not new. 60 00:06:21,450 --> 00:06:37,110 Over 100 years ago, there was a Dutch scientist by the name of Kirchhoffs who postulated that when you are building a system intended to be safe and secure and maybe protect secrecy, the mechanism of the machine need not be kept secret. 61 00:06:37,110 --> 00:06:47,910 On the contrary, if you make the blueprint open for anybody to test and study and vet, you have a better chance of making a secure system than if you don't. 62 00:06:47,910 --> 00:06:52,690 It's only the keys that need to be secret, but not the mechanism of the system. 63 00:06:53,070 --> 00:06:58,250 This is an important principle of openness of design that leads to better security. 64 00:06:59,190 --> 00:07:04,950 Much later, a man called Shannon wrote the corollary of Kirchhoffs' principle. 65 00:07:04,950 --> 00:07:10,070 He said, you must assume that your enemy will learn how your system was built. 66 00:07:10,570 --> 00:07:17,910 Share the design with everybody and in that way you share it also with the good people who will help fix it, who will help improve it. 67 00:07:18,110 --> 00:07:25,970 And by the way, there are many, many more good people than bad people in the world, maybe at a ratio of a thousand to one. 68 00:07:27,410 --> 00:07:44,770 So to repeat and summarize, if we have a commitment to govern our nation so that every person has one vote, it logically follows that we must let each such person conduct their own validation of the system, the system of voting being used. 69 00:07:44,810 --> 00:07:49,130 It's a very simple principle and it is very powerful. 70 00:07:49,370 --> 00:07:52,350 Public scrutiny makes every system better. 71 00:07:52,350 --> 00:08:00,630 The only reason to object to this principle would be extreme greed or disdain for democracy. 72 00:08:02,250 --> 00:08:07,730 If we look at what's going on in society at large, it's in much better shape. 73 00:08:07,730 --> 00:08:19,940 The National Institute of Science and Technology has long published the cybersecurity framework with very good advice and recommendations for large organizations. 74 00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:24,130 And they define what vulnerability disclosure means. 75 00:08:24,130 --> 00:08:35,770 They say, you need to have processes established to receive, analyze and respond to vulnerabilities disclosed to the organization from internal and external sources. 76 00:08:35,770 --> 00:08:40,730 Such as internal testing, security bulletins or security researchers. 77 00:08:41,250 --> 00:08:47,670 When you follow the cybersecurity framework from NIST, your organization will be in much better shape. 78 00:08:49,820 --> 00:08:53,200 The Department of Defense fully embraces this. 79 00:08:53,300 --> 00:09:01,620 And they are, the Pentagon, by definition, have some of the most sensitive, secure, secretive, vital systems in the world. 80 00:09:01,620 --> 00:09:10,420 And they have realized that to be fully secure, they need the help of the outside world, of hackers whom they don't even individually know. 81 00:09:10,420 --> 00:09:14,920 But to help them report vulnerabilities so that the DOD can fix it. 82 00:09:14,920 --> 00:09:22,340 They've been running a vulnerability disclosure program for over four years by now with amazing results, fantastic results. 83 00:09:24,360 --> 00:09:34,740 The Department of Homeland Security, DHS, finds vulnerability disclosure so important that they are preparing a binding operational directive about it. 84 00:09:34,740 --> 00:09:41,140 Under this BOD, civilian federal agencies will be required to invite good hackers to hack them. 85 00:09:41,500 --> 00:09:44,520 It's the only logical thing to do in a democracy. 86 00:09:44,520 --> 00:09:50,260 And it will improve the cybersecurity of all systems and increase trust among citizens. 87 00:09:52,340 --> 00:10:03,800 And hot from the press, just in the last few days, the CISA agency within DHS delivered a terrific guide for election administrators. 88 00:10:03,820 --> 00:10:08,740 The guide is called Guide to Vulnerability Reporting for America's Election Administrators. 89 00:10:08,940 --> 00:10:22,080 And they say in their foreword that election administrators should know that the cybersecurity research community can help ensure these systems are safe so that the choices of the voting public can be clearly heard. 90 00:10:22,340 --> 00:10:30,780 This guide offers a step-by-step guide for election administrators who seek to establish a successful vulnerability disclosure program. 91 00:10:32,920 --> 00:10:41,240 Looking more broadly and into the future, I see three principles that will enable us to establish a true digital civilization. 92 00:10:41,380 --> 00:10:43,540 One that actually works. 93 00:10:43,540 --> 00:10:49,740 A society that is well governed by digital mechanisms and which citizens can trust. 94 00:10:49,740 --> 00:10:57,280 First, it will be seen as negligence to ignore the useful input from external security researchers. 95 00:10:57,280 --> 00:10:58,720 Yes, negligence. 96 00:10:58,720 --> 00:11:06,620 Meaning you would be stupid not to listen to the amazing advice and input and vulnerability reports that you can get from the outside. 97 00:11:06,940 --> 00:11:11,620 Number two, cybersecurity will be a collaborative effort. 98 00:11:12,020 --> 00:11:18,640 With organizations pooling their defense to provide formidable obstacles to the adversaries. 99 00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:26,100 And we have learned over thousands of years that whenever we face an asymmetric threat, the best defense is pooled defense. 100 00:11:26,100 --> 00:11:27,860 So we must do it. 101 00:11:28,460 --> 00:11:38,420 Thirdly, the only way for any organization to achieve trust by customers, consumers, or citizens is through transparency. 102 00:11:38,680 --> 00:11:40,000 Openness. 103 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:47,420 By sharing vulnerability information and cybersecurity policies and practices publicly and with each other, trust will grow. 104 00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:59,470 In summary, we have a system here for vulnerability disclosure where if you see something, you say something. 105 00:11:59,470 --> 00:12:10,070 It has been rejected and avoided by many vendors, but it is the only practical thing to do in order to increase the security of any computer system. 106 00:12:10,450 --> 00:12:12,850 Two legal rights are important here. 107 00:12:12,850 --> 00:12:19,100 The rights for the ethical hackers to do the testing and the rights for them to disclose their findings. 108 00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:21,180 We know what to do. 109 00:12:21,180 --> 00:12:22,880 We should have done it a long time ago. 110 00:12:22,880 --> 00:12:24,660 We are tragically delayed. 111 00:12:24,660 --> 00:12:27,540 We just have to make the decision and start going. 112 00:12:27,660 --> 00:12:29,660 We must listen to hackers. 113 00:12:29,800 --> 00:12:32,940 We must work together collaboratively on the defenses. 114 00:12:33,240 --> 00:12:41,340 And we must build openness into the area of cybersecurity, sharing what we are finding, sharing the vulnerabilities and our fixes. 115 00:12:41,340 --> 00:12:48,160 Because that is the only way to build trust with our citizens and with our constituent groups. 116 00:12:48,160 --> 00:12:54,900 And when we do that, we will truly build a society that can function well in the digital world. 117 00:12:55,860 --> 00:12:58,060 Thank you for listening to me today.