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5410	15970	Today we're going to be talking about emerging technology, in particular quantum technology, and how it influences policy, and how policy influences emerging technology and quantum technology.
15970	25150	And so first I'd like to start off with the fact that in 2023, it is predicted that there will be about $30 billion spent globally on quantum technology.
25150	33070	Of that $30 billion, the United States, with its National Quantum Initiative, is about to spend about $4.5 billion.
33070	37430	The European Consortium is about a billion and a half.
37430	42970	And the People's Republic of China is supposed to be spending $15 billion.
43990	63210	In addition to that, globally we have 18 countries that have quantum strategies, or are thinking about how to use quantum technology to enhance not only their governments, but also the technology, their prosperity, as well as trying to protect data globally.
63270	66790	The rest of them are really in that quantum divide.
66810	69110	They don't have access to quantum technology.
69110	78250	They don't have access to the understanding of what policies have been written, about what regulations might be needed, as well as what threats are out there from that quantum technology.
78590	95650	And so if we think through this, there are attacks that are going on regularly, such as store-now decrypt-later attacks, where your data is being siphoned off, stored in data centers, with the goal that once quantum computers are here, that Shor's algorithm will then be able to decrypt your data instantaneously.
95810	115950	This may not seem like a big deal, but what happens when all the data from Merck, and Pfizer, and J&J, and all of the others are now put together, and all of their individual trial data is now allowed to be collaborated and collated in order to create outstanding and astonishing insights into drug discovery.
116090	123510	And now the People's Republic of China, or some other bad actor, has access to that data, and now has a cure for cancer.
123970	126170	Will they share that cure with you?
126170	128290	Will they keep it for their own citizens?
128530	133230	Will they try to find a counter to give people cancer, so that they can control that?
133910	135950	Have we thought about those sorts of things?
135950	142050	The United States has developed, and is developing, policies around quantum technology.
142050	162220	They are looking at things like post-quantum cryptography in particular, and they've done several national security memos, office of management and budget memos, executive orders, as well as laws to try to protect, enhance, and control what is going on with quantum technology.
162220	180320	There's also those things such as export control, or ITAR, which is technology that is deemed to be too important for military needs, that it needs another special category before it is exported even to our allies like the UK, Australia, Canada, Mexico,
180320	181560	or other places.
182200	184020	And so what does that mean for us?
184020	188540	What does that mean for this collective of this quantum world that we live in?
188540	200840	Because one of the things that I love about the quantum community is how collaborative the quantum community is, how supportive they are of each other, and how we really try to work towards the greater good for all of the technology that we do have.
201360	218500	And so one of the things that I would like to say before we get to some questions about this, is that there are ways that you, everybody in here, can actually be a part of making sure that the policy and regulations that are put in place across the global governments are useful and not harmful.
218940	220780	I'll give you a quick antidote.
220780	234580	I was talking to the White House, and certain people within the White House, we won't tell you who, and they made a comment to me when I briefed them on some things about, we're going to put export controls on dilution fridge technology.
234920	237260	And I said, why would you do that?
237260	241520	Well, because we don't want the PRC to have that technology.
241520	242600	You're too late, buddy.
242980	244580	Why would you do that now?
244580	247600	You don't even understand what the components are, where they come from.
247600	251520	And you can build a dilution fridge based on plans around the internet.
251520	253400	That's not what you should be looking at.
253400	269980	You should be looking at how do we build a more collaborative environment for quantum technology, to enable us to work with our allies and partners, as well as our commercial and government organizations, to enhance that technology and maintain that edge,
269980	270800	that leading edge.
270800	274060	There was a question over in the far corner about that.
274500	287800	And so for you, what I would say is that if you're part of a company or part of a quantum group, be active in the dialogue about quantum policies, about export control, about what regulations should or shouldn't be there.
287800	293760	There's often open comment sessions or sections that you can actually provide, for whether it's the U.S.
293760	297100	government or other governments, as well as quantum strategy input.
297520	315000	The second thing that I would say is that if you're in a country that is part of the quantum divide, that doesn't currently have a quantum strategy or even a thought about what to do with quantum, engage with those that do, to enable them to come help their government to build those.
315000	321060	And then the last thing I would say is, as was mentioned earlier, is that education is a huge part of this.
321060	339000	It's educating our young people, but it's also educating the leaders in government about what quantum technology is, what's here today, what will be here tomorrow, what's useful, what's not useful, as well as how we should be using the technology in order to make this world a better place.
339760	343120	Okay, so that's sort of a little bit of an introduction.
343120	349140	I would love, if there's anybody that has any questions or wants to talk about anything, I'm happy to take anything.
349140	349880	Yes?
350100	354740	I guess I'll continue on the previous topic, since privacy is very relevant
360910	362870	in the digital world.
362870	375350	So I guess from your perspective, given that we haven't re-standardized what privacy means around the world, how much of that is needed to be able to advance policy in this space?
375350	379670	Yeah, so I think policy and privacy are very much aligned.
379930	386270	I think the one thing that I would talk about that is probably most dear to people's hearts are the store-now-decrypt-later attacks.
386270	402830	That is probably one of the biggest threats to privacy that we have at the moment, whether it is privacy of your own personal data, or your IP, or critical infrastructure, and being able to protect that so that you can then maintain this lifestyle that we have here in the Western world.
402830	416470	And for that, it's the how do you make sure that you can inventory what your cryptography is, make sure that it is up to date, make sure that it is good to go, that you're complying with the current standards, and then putting in a way to manage that,
416470	421090	and then enabling you to remediate in order to protect against those quantum attacks.
421090	427510	And what that does is that enables us to make sure that our privacy is maintained now, but also into the future.
428590	428970	Yeah?
428970	435220	Do you have any advice for how to speak to non-technical, like an elder?
435580	436640	Yeah, sure.
436640	441940	So the question is, how do you speak to non-technical policymakers about this?
441940	443420	So, a funny story.
443560	447300	Before I started working at the company, I'm at Sandbox AQ.
447300	450760	Before I started working at Sandbox AQ, I actually didn't know anything about quantum at all.
450760	453540	I now teach a class on quantum and national security at Georgetown.
453860	459380	And one of the reasons why is because of the ability to talk about things at a level that they understand.
459380	469120	The first thing you have to be able to do is not use jargon, and talk about what the impacts are to the technology in a way that they understand it.
470760	475220	Oftentimes, coming at whatever their point of view is, is the most interesting.
475220	479780	So if you're talking to lawmakers, they often want to know about how is this going to impact their constituents.
479980	488280	If you're talking to national security professionals, they want to know how do they protect the nation from threats and adversaries and bad actors.
488280	493680	If you're talking to a cybersecurity person, you need to come from that attack vector perspective.
493680	500320	So you have to meet them where they are first, before you launch into the discussion about the technology.
500320	516980	So, for example, when Sandbox was starting, and really looking at the public sector, which is what I lead at Sandbox, we started with an education platform, where we'd go in and we'd teach them about what's going on globally with quantum technology, as well as what the quantum technologies are,
516980	518520	and what the timelines are for them.
518520	520520	Because everybody only thinks of quantum computers.
520520	526620	They don't think of quantum sensing, or quantum communications, or other things that are in those buckets.
527060	529000	And it was an education process.
529000	540380	And you build up the trust, and now they think of you as a thought leader, and not just as somebody who is trying to sell your product, or trying to influence them in ways that they don't want to be influenced.
541900	542860	Yes?
543120	549460	You mentioned the $4.5 billion that the United States is investing into quantum technology.
549640	552680	You also mentioned that you were at the White House when you speak with them.
553100	561780	Was there any mention that you can't mention of what the overarching goals for the country are as far as quantum technology?
561840	567140	Or is it like you just mentioned, depending on who you speak with, they all have their own goals in mind?
567140	570020	So the question is, what are the overall goals of the U.S.
570020	572040	government for quantum technology?
572040	575800	It is dependent upon the organizations and agencies that you ask.
575800	582060	If you go to the National Security Agency, they tell you it's post-quantum cryptography and protecting encryption from being hacked.
582060	589320	If you talk to the White House, it's on how do we advance our quantum capabilities overall.
589360	601680	If you talk to the Air Force, they want to know about quantum navigation, because they want to be able to navigate without GPS, because the Russians are jamming GPS over Ukraine right now, and the Chinese are jamming GPS over Australia.
601680	606320	And it's impacting not just military flights, but also commercial flights, so it's a safety of issue thing.
606320	614140	So you have to sort of understand what the point of view is, and where the technology is relative for them.
614140	625360	As they spend this money and get closer to those individual goals, are they all related?
625360	632740	If you get further in one aspect versus another aspect, are all of them closer, or is it just separate goals?
633020	635900	No, a lot of them are separate, believe it or not.
635900	637180	They're all unique.
637180	648960	I will say that post-quantum cryptography and quantum security are more across the board than some of the individual other technologies that are out there.
649260	650200	Yes?
650920	657640	Are there any laws specific being put in place at the moment specific to quantum technology?
657640	671020	Yes, so the White House actually released an executive order this week that said that no one in the United States, commercial or public sector, is allowed to export any quantum technology to China.
671360	683160	So it's not a law where it's written in the law books, but it's an executive order that is treated like a law until it is revoked, either by a president that comes later.
683340	688380	And there are executive orders that have been around for decades and decades and decades.
688380	695760	And with the onslaught of technology coming from China, that is one of the things that's happening.
695760	702140	There's also the Quantum Cybersecurity Preparedness Act, which has directed all agencies within the U.S.
702140	707840	government to do inventories of their cryptography and plan for the migration to post-quantum cryptography.
707840	713100	And they were all supposed to have done that by about May 4th of this year, but with anything in the U.S.
713100	715020	government, it doesn't actually happen on time.
715020	718920	And more and more policies are being written on a regular basis.
720320	721200	Yes?
721300	722880	I have a follow-up question.
722980	726180	So, at the start, you mentioned collaboration.
726200	730860	And my day job is I'm an attorney, and I deal a lot with export controls, etc.
731140	732480	You can see where I'm going.
732480	734720	How do we even begin to reconcile that?
734720	739980	How can we allow for collaboration while navigating this world of export controls?
739980	740720	Yes.
740720	745480	So, the question is, how do we enable collaboration while we navigate the world of export control?
745480	751180	This is a really important topic, and one of the topics that I like to talk to the governments, not just the U.S.
751180	752880	government, but many governments about.
752880	758140	We have collaborative agreements with many governments in the quantum space.
758140	761180	One is AUKUS, so it's Australia, U.S., and U.K.
761680	766040	They are doing mostly submarine deals, but they're also looking at quantum technology.
766040	786380	I think that we need to use those platforms to enable a discussion where we bring commercial companies together from those countries to build a platform to go to the governments and say, we have this AUKUS group, why don't we use that for quantum technology and limit the restrictions on export control?
786440	792720	Same thing with the Quad that's out there with Japan, India, Australia, and the U.S.
793680	794640	Yes, sir?
794640	803480	Since a quantum state is essentially a trumpet, in that sense, when you use it, it's going to collapse, it's going to become plastic.
803480	812640	So in that sense, how does the federal government improve privacy, given what...
815040	823580	How does the federal government improve the policies just because the quantum technology?
823580	835240	The question is, how do you improve privacy when the quantum technology collapses and goes into a classical state, more or less, is what you're saying.
835300	842480	So quantum technology, in and of itself, has to be used with other technology.
842480	846640	That's why we still need classical computers when you're dealing with quantum computers.
846640	852460	That's why when you're doing quantum key distribution, you still need post-quantum cryptography to authenticate.
852460	869000	It is not something that is mutually exclusive, and that you need to understand how that works in order to protect privacy in the long run, so that your quantum computing and quantum communications is just as secure, or I should say your classical computers are just as secure as your quantum computers.
870400	871240	Yes?
872620	876460	Speaking of that, would that be more on an application-by-application level?
876960	879900	The question was, is that more on the application-by-application level?
879900	881560	It can be, absolutely.
881560	886220	It's got to be the full stack of your systems.
886280	896140	And secondly, we're seeing some success with Lattice as being a quantum-resistant cryptography algorithm.
896140	898520	How long do you think that success will actually hold?
898920	903580	I think that's a really interesting question, and I don't know that I can really answer that.
903580	918540	One of the reasons why it's called quantum-resistant and not quantum-safe, or other words that are out there, is because we know that quantum is going to continue to push us at the boundaries of where we need to be, and that's why we also have to consider crypto-agility.
918540	930680	We need to be able to take cryptographic algorithms and standards and change them and modify them as new attack vectors occur, and we don't want to have to rip and replace our cryptography anymore.
930680	932360	In the back room.
937430	957990	When I read the research papers, they're mostly Chinese, South Koreans, these kinds of names, and I don't really... my perception was that there isn't really, it seems more of a collaborative effort across the world, and I find it interesting that the US is trying to tell us that there's a quantum war happening,
957990	967110	because I'm pretty sure if we just did that narrative and people started going back and learning, the West would not be very competitive anymore.
967110	981470	So interestingly enough, the question was about that quantum is a very collaborative space, and that there are people from multiple countries, whether it's the Chinese or others, who are involved in paper writing and publishing, and that is very, very true.
981550	998250	However, if you have research, and there's been a bunch of research that's been published recently, not about quantum, but about the Chinese and their influence operations in European universities in particular, like the University of Heidelberg, and how they're recruiting and taking technology.
998250	1005330	So we have to question and think about what are the ulterior motives of them actually doing this research, and what is their goal?
1005330	1018390	And their goal, oftentimes, is to bring back that technology into China, make it very insular, and then recruit people who should be contributing to the greater good of quantum, and make them only a part of the Chinese ecosystem.
1021490	1023010	Any other questions?
1023590	1024370	Yes?
1024750	1027850	Do you feel that there is a light at the end of the tunnel
1035070	1035530	?
1035790	1046760	Is there like a new emerging goal when it comes to quantum, to change the way people feel about the norm?
1047120	1058160	So the question is, is there a light at the end of the tunnel that would make people more positive about quantum technology and collaboration within that quantum technology?
1058160	1067540	I think the biggest thing is for there to be an understanding of what quantum technology is and what it isn't, and the timelines for what's here now and what's potentially going to be here later.
1067540	1072480	Because a lot of people don't deal with quantum, it's because of a fear of the unknown.
1073040	1081380	And that's when, you know, you think about when you have people who are, I'm not going to touch that, I don't know anything about it, I'm not smart enough to know about that.
1081380	1082960	When in reality, they are.
1083000	1093160	They just have to be taught at a level that they understand, and then you continue to upskill with more and more information as they grasp the basic concepts to the more advanced concepts.
1097420	1098120	Yes?
1098120	1102980	How big do you think that learning curve would be for somebody like that?
1103300	1105480	So I'll give you an antidote.
1105640	1116000	When I started teaching my class at Georgetown, I had a bunch of security studies professionals, so people who were really in international relations and policy.
1116000	1120920	I had 16 students in my class, not one of them knew anything about quantum.
1121040	1124840	I actually had somebody call it a qubit in class, instead of a qubit.
1125040	1134140	And by the time we were done, I had them, in their final presentations, they were talking about more advanced concepts than we discussed in class.
1134400	1140320	And it was amazing to see, and it was only a 14-week class, of two and a half hours a week.
1140500	1153020	So it is doable, if you just put a little bit of time into it, you explain concepts at where they are, and then give them things that they can read and explore on their own, in a safe space.
1155160	1156120	Yes?
1162470	1165950	What are those easily accessible resources?
1165950	1174910	Yeah, I don't have it publicly available, but I'm willing and able to share the resources out of it, and I can share that with Mark, and you can put it out there.
1174910	1177490	But it's using everything that's open source.
1177490	1179010	I actually didn't use a textbook.
1179010	1192370	I just used articles, Qiskit, you know, just discussion points, you know, talking about even things like the quantum height curve, and talking about what is a height curve, and what is out there.
1192370	1194150	And so I can share that.
1194150	1198730	And the question was, what are the resources for the curriculum?
1199270	1202650	That's a brilliant note to say thank you, Jen.
1204150	1205450	Thank you.
1205450	1205770	Thank you, Jen.
1206870	1207090	Applause