{
    "id": "CVE-2016-2098",
    "published": "2016-04-07 23:59:06",
    "last_modified": "2026-06-17 00:43:25",
    "cvss_score": "7.3",
    "cvss_severity": "HIGH",
    "cvss_version": "3.0",
    "cvss_vector": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:L",
    "cwe": "CWE-20",
    "description": "Action Pack in Ruby on Rails before 3.2.22.2, 4.x before 4.1.14.2, and 4.2.x before 4.2.5.2 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby code by leveraging an application's unrestricted use of the render method.",
    "epss_score": "0.81445",
    "epss_percentile": "0.99631",
    "kev": 0,
    "kev_due": null,
    "has_exploit": 1,
    "updated_at": "2026-09-26 18:20:22",
    "priority": {
        "rank": 2,
        "label": "Patch early",
        "why": "A public exploit exists."
    },
    "products": [
        {
            "vendor": "debian",
            "product": "debian_linux"
        },
        {
            "vendor": "rubyonrails",
            "product": "rails"
        },
        {
            "vendor": "rubyonrails",
            "product": "ruby_on_rails"
        }
    ],
    "kev_detail": null,
    "exploits": [
        {
            "source": "exploit-db",
            "ref_id": "40086",
            "title": "Ruby on Rails ActionPack Inline ERB - Code Execution (Metasploit)",
            "date": "2016-07-11",
            "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40086"
        }
    ],
    "refs_list": [
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00057.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00080.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00083.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00086.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00006.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00053.html",
        "http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2016/2/29/Rails-4-2-5-2-4-1-14-2-3-2-22-2-have-been-released/",
        "http://www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3509",
        "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/83725",
        "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035122",
        "https://groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=rubyonrails-security/ly-IH-fxr_Q/WLoOhcMZIAAJ",
        "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40086/",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00057.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00080.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00083.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-03/msg00086.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00006.html",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-04/msg00053.html",
        "http://weblog.rubyonrails.org/2016/2/29/Rails-4-2-5-2-4-1-14-2-3-2-22-2-have-been-released/",
        "http://www.debian.org/security/2016/dsa-3509",
        "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/83725",
        "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035122",
        "https://groups.google.com/forum/message/raw?msg=rubyonrails-security/ly-IH-fxr_Q/WLoOhcMZIAAJ",
        "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40086/"
    ]
}