{
    "id": "CVE-2016-3081",
    "published": "2016-04-26 14:59:02",
    "last_modified": "2026-06-17 00:44:55",
    "cvss_score": "8.1",
    "cvss_severity": "HIGH",
    "cvss_version": "3.0",
    "cvss_vector": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
    "cwe": "CWE-77",
    "description": "Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to chained expressions.",
    "epss_score": "0.93352",
    "epss_percentile": "0.99836",
    "kev": 0,
    "kev_due": null,
    "has_exploit": 1,
    "updated_at": "2026-09-26 18:20:30",
    "priority": {
        "rank": 2,
        "label": "Patch early",
        "why": "A public exploit exists."
    },
    "products": [
        {
            "vendor": "apache",
            "product": "struts"
        },
        {
            "vendor": "oracle",
            "product": "siebel_e-billing"
        }
    ],
    "kev_detail": null,
    "exploits": [
        {
            "source": "exploit-db",
            "ref_id": "39756",
            "title": "Apache Struts - Dynamic Method Invocation Remote Code Execution (Metasploit)",
            "date": "2016-05-02",
            "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39756"
        }
    ],
    "refs_list": [
        "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/136856/Apache-Struts-2.3.28-Dynamic-Method-Invocation-Remote-Code-Execution.html",
        "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20160527-01-struts2-en",
        "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2016-2881720.html",
        "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2016-2881722.html",
        "http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/http/struts_dmi_exec",
        "http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/multi/http/struts_dmi_exec",
        "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/87327",
        "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91787",
        "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035665",
        "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-032.html",
        "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39756/",
        "http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/136856/Apache-Struts-2.3.28-Dynamic-Method-Invocation-Remote-Code-Execution.html",
        "http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20160527-01-struts2-en",
        "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2016-2881720.html",
        "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2016-2881722.html",
        "http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/http/struts_dmi_exec",
        "http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/multi/http/struts_dmi_exec",
        "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/87327",
        "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91787",
        "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035665",
        "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-032.html",
        "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39756/"
    ]
}