{
    "id": "CVE-2016-4438",
    "published": "2016-07-04 22:59:09",
    "last_modified": "2026-06-17 00:47:33",
    "cvss_score": "9.8",
    "cvss_severity": "CRITICAL",
    "cvss_version": "3.0",
    "cvss_vector": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
    "cwe": "CWE-20",
    "description": "The REST plugin in Apache Struts 2 2.3.19 through 2.3.28.1 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted expression.",
    "epss_score": "0.16742",
    "epss_percentile": "0.96953",
    "kev": 0,
    "kev_due": null,
    "has_exploit": 0,
    "updated_at": "2026-10-04 18:17:14",
    "priority": {
        "rank": 2,
        "label": "Patch early",
        "why": "EPSS 16.7% — above the 10% action threshold."
    },
    "products": [
        {
            "vendor": "apache",
            "product": "struts"
        }
    ],
    "kev_detail": null,
    "exploits": [],
    "refs_list": [
        "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN07710476/index.html",
        "http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2016-000110",
        "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2017-3236622.html",
        "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91275",
        "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1348238",
        "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-037.html",
        "http://jvn.jp/en/jp/JVN07710476/index.html",
        "http://jvndb.jvn.jp/jvndb/JVNDB-2016-000110",
        "http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2017-3236622.html",
        "http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91275",
        "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1348238",
        "https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-037.html"
    ]
}