{
    "id": "CVE-2016-4557",
    "published": "2016-05-23 10:59:03",
    "last_modified": "2026-06-17 00:47:46",
    "cvss_score": "7.8",
    "cvss_severity": "HIGH",
    "cvss_version": "3.1",
    "cvss_vector": "CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
    "cwe": null,
    "description": "The replace_map_fd_with_map_ptr function in kernel/bpf/verifier.c in the Linux kernel before 4.5.5 does not properly maintain an fd data structure, which allows local users to gain privileges or cause a denial of service (use-after-free) via crafted BPF instructions that reference an incorrect file descriptor.",
    "epss_score": "0.10202",
    "epss_percentile": "0.95542",
    "kev": 0,
    "kev_due": null,
    "has_exploit": 1,
    "updated_at": "2026-10-03 18:17:16",
    "priority": {
        "rank": 2,
        "label": "Patch early",
        "why": "A public exploit exists."
    },
    "products": [
        {
            "vendor": "linux",
            "product": "linux_kernel"
        }
    ],
    "kev_detail": null,
    "exploits": [
        {
            "source": "exploit-db",
            "ref_id": "40759",
            "title": "Linux Kernel 4.4 (Ubuntu 16.04) - 'BPF' Local Privilege Escalation (Metasploit)",
            "date": "2016-11-14",
            "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40759"
        },
        {
            "source": "exploit-db",
            "ref_id": "39772",
            "title": "Linux Kernel 4.4.x (Ubuntu 16.04) - 'double-fdput()' bpf(BPF_PROG_LOAD) Privilege Escalation",
            "date": "2016-05-04",
            "url": "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39772"
        }
    ],
    "refs_list": [
        "http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-06/msg00044.html",
        "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/ChangeLog-4.5.5",
        "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/05/06/4",
        "https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=808",
        "https://bugs.debian.org/823603",
        "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1334307",
        "https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7",
        "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40759/",
        "http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2016-06/msg00044.html",
        "http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v4.x/ChangeLog-4.5.5",
        "http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2016/05/06/4",
        "https://bugs.chromium.org/p/project-zero/issues/detail?id=808",
        "https://bugs.debian.org/823603",
        "https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1334307",
        "https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/8358b02bf67d3a5d8a825070e1aa73f25fb2e4c7",
        "https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/40759/"
    ]
}