{
    "id": "CVE-2018-16395",
    "published": "2018-11-16 18:29:00",
    "last_modified": "2026-06-17 01:44:12",
    "cvss_score": "9.8",
    "cvss_severity": "CRITICAL",
    "cvss_version": "3.0",
    "cvss_vector": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H",
    "cwe": null,
    "description": "An issue was discovered in the OpenSSL library in Ruby before 2.3.8, 2.4.x before 2.4.5, 2.5.x before 2.5.2, and 2.6.x before 2.6.0-preview3. When two OpenSSL::X509::Name objects are compared using ==, depending on the ordering, non-equal objects may return true. When the first argument is one character longer than the second, or the second argument contains a character that is one less than a character in the same position of the first argument, the result of == will be true. This could be leveraged to create an illegitimate certificate that may be accepted as legitimate and then used in signing or encryption operations.",
    "epss_score": "0.10715",
    "epss_percentile": "0.95699",
    "kev": 0,
    "kev_due": null,
    "has_exploit": 0,
    "updated_at": "2026-10-03 18:17:20",
    "priority": {
        "rank": 2,
        "label": "Patch early",
        "why": "EPSS 10.7% — above the 10% action threshold."
    },
    "products": [
        {
            "vendor": "canonical",
            "product": "ubuntu_linux"
        },
        {
            "vendor": "debian",
            "product": "debian_linux"
        },
        {
            "vendor": "redhat",
            "product": "enterprise_linux"
        },
        {
            "vendor": "ruby-lang",
            "product": "openssl"
        },
        {
            "vendor": "ruby-lang",
            "product": "ruby"
        }
    ],
    "kev_detail": null,
    "exploits": [],
    "refs_list": [
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-07/msg00036.html",
        "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1042105",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3729",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3730",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3731",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3738",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:1948",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:2565",
        "https://hackerone.com/reports/387250",
        "https://lists.debian.org/debian-lts-announce/2018/10/msg00020.html",
        "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20190221-0002/",
        "https://usn.ubuntu.com/3808-1/",
        "https://www.debian.org/security/2018/dsa-4332",
        "https://www.oracle.com/security-alerts/cpujan2020.html",
        "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2018/10/17/openssl-x509-name-equality-check-does-not-work-correctly-cve-2018-16395/",
        "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2018/10/17/ruby-2-3-8-released/",
        "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2018/10/17/ruby-2-4-5-released/",
        "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2018/10/17/ruby-2-5-2-released/",
        "https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2018/11/06/ruby-2-6-0-preview3-released/",
        "http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-security-announce/2019-07/msg00036.html",
        "http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1042105",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3729",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3730",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3731",
        "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2018:3738"
    ]
}